Physical Science

2. The first thing I had to change was the first shelf where the red ball rolls down. Then I had to hang up the 5lbs. then switch the sides of the brown lever at the bottom. After I had to put the elastic of the slingshot with the little ball. The last thing was hang the bucket up. Part 2 The first to do is push the first domino. It causes the rest of the dominoes to fall and push the first pink ball. The pink ball will roll down the ramp. As the ball is rolling, it will hit and push another pink ball. The second pink ball will roll down into a small skinny tube. When it falls, it will push up the other side of the lever. When it goes up, it will make the string loose and make the scissor cut the string. When it cuts the string, the weight will fall and break. When it breaks the water inside of it will go through the tube, pouring inside the bucket. The bucket will get heavy and pull down the string, which the end is tied to the lid of a cookie jar opening the cookie jar. Analysis questions:In the device, it shows a closed system because all of the items stay in the area. The items were the 2 balls, the bucket with water and the dominoes. 2. To change a thermos into an open energy system is by opening the lid. 3. Energy is never created or destroyed; it is just passed on to other different types of energies, like potential to kinetic or potential to mechanical energy. 4. One place is where the dominoes fall and push the first ball. The second is when the bucket full of water pulls down the string to open the lid of the cookie jar.

Scm and Erp Software Implementation at Nike †from Failure to Success

Introduction: Nike was founded under the name Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964. In 1972 the first pair of sports shoes was sold and experienced enormous growth and achieved a 50% market share within the sports shoe market in the US only eight years later. After sluggish focus and growth in the 1980ies, Nike experienced strong growth in the 1990ies and cemented the position as global recognizable brand. The increased international focus created strains on the supply chain, which was consider inadequate to cater efficiently to the organization and the rapid changes consumer demands .As a consequence of the afore mentioned supply chain problem Nike faced inefficient inventory management, problems in flow of goods and poor demand forecasting capabilities. In addition Nike was facing though competition in Asia, which as a region performed worse than expected. Given this it is clear that both external, internal and situational factors were the catalysts behind the Organizational Buying Behavior (OBB) of Nike catalyzing the mammoth project of implementing global supply chain management (SCM) software and an integrated ERP system.Question 1: What are the failure factors for the first NIKE-i2 ERP-SCM implementation? Using conventional project management measurements it is clear the implementation of i2 was a colossal failure . I analyze the failure using a combination for factors from the OBB and analysis based on the five phase implementation framework. Nike states a clear vision of what they want to achieve with the i2 implementation: â€Å"Achieving greater flexibility in planning execution and delivery processes†¦.. ooking for better forecasting and more profitable order fulfillment† . However, I believe Nike overall underestimated the SCM project as I see some indications that the main focus and resources were on the general ERP framework and implementation of the Single Instance Strategy (SIS). As a consequence the project management turned out to be weak. T he lack of prioritization of the SCM project is also visible in the lack of external consultancy services obtained.Both project management and appropriate usage of external consultants are evaluated as key critical success factors for successful implementation of large scale IT projects. (Appendix 3) So I see the project being initiated on the wrong foot, but would consider phase 2, 3 and 4 as the phases where the project fell apart. I strongly believe external consultants with expertise knowledge would have challenged a number of the technical issue and decisions made by the project management. The implementation of i2 on the legacy system is such example.SIS required a large degree of integration and data migrations, so deploying the SCM software on the legacy system instead of as part of the SAP ERP is a strategic mistake. This specific decision later proves unwise when Nike begins to experience large problems in data integration as formats and outline of i2 didn’t match t he other systems. Also in the data specification and parameterization external experts would have stepped in and limited the vast number of customization enquiries from Nike.I believe this specific problem has its roots in the inadequate blueprinting of Nike. The missing blueprinting –the realignment of the long term business strategy with capabilities of the software – is not uncommon as it is estimated that 51 percent of failing IT projects, fail due to lack of understanding between IT and business departments† I believe there is evidence of that happening in this case as well. The fundamental idea behind the SCM software in terms of demand planning did not fit well with the business strategy of Nike.Nike used a bottom-up demand process where the retailers committed to an order in advance before manufacturing. With i2 Nike changed this core process as the demand now was forecasted using a top-down approach. The combination of the changed process and lack of pro per data integration lead to duplicated orders and overproduction. As the original i2 software did not support the many SKUs of Nike, heavy customization was required, which in turn diluted the quality of the software as the specifications were unclear.McAfee of Harvard Business School has said: â€Å"What Nike and i2 Technologies Inc. began experiencing the problem actually is not the software itself†¦ The culprit there was misspecification† Further on the subject of customization, Nike had great difficulties balancing customization with speed-to-market. I believe the external factors of significant competition, changing market place and resulting disappointing financial performance in growth markets lead Nike to rush the implementation and interfered with normal OBB.The rushing meant that a guideline, templates and implementation methodology was discarded by Nike with the argument that the i2 provided material was too rigid. In general I would argue that Nike required technology that was not sufficiently available at the time. This pushed i2 to enter unknown software-territory and program-to-order disabling sufficient time for vendor/developer testing. The criticality of this was further boosted due to lack of testing from Nike, which clearly illustrates faults in phase 4 of the implementation as well. (Appendix 3)Lastly, I find evidence that a global ERP and SCM software potentially would be difficult to manage successfully at the time due to the structural issue of underdeveloped bandwidth infrastructure , which could indicate Nike required a technical solution which was not complete available in 1999. As the SCM software required a big-bang implementation , the mistakes mentioned above considerably increased the risk of failure. So due to urgency Nike selected to implement a highly customized solution discarding advice from the vendor, avoiding third party/external consultations, neglecting testing and proper training of end-users.As Steel say s â€Å"Could we have taken more time with the roll-out? Properly. Could we have done a better job with software quality? Sure. Could the planners have been better prepared to use the system be it went live? You can never train enough! † Question 2: How do you evaluate the role of i2 in this process? In believe both companies are to be blamed for the failed implementation. Looking isolated at i2’s role, I believe both tactical and strategic mistakes were made. As a vendor i2 had a responsibility to work together with Nike to create a common understanding of the capability of the software and the business management impact.If the client was not adequately knowledgeable about the product delivered i2 should have made a point of this in the RFP, by stating that a certain level of technical knowhow and expertise was expected and required from the client as well, to secure a smooth implementation. Such point – or clause – would have created the necessary aware ness at Nike and would have secured the necessary focus from Nike before engaging in the implementation. We learn from the case that Nike when they started working together with i2 already had tried several other solutions without being successful, which further underlines my point.Philip Kotler describes a common pitfall in B2B transactions as the B2B market is dominated by fewer buyers than on the consumer market, which can provide an undesired purchasing power to large corporations. In addition Nike was on the forefront of the technology required, which eventually meant i2 was pressured to provide significant more customization to the software. The fact that the customization widely exceeded the 10-15% maximum customization recommendation from i2 illustrates the negotiation and purchasing power Nike had over i2.I sincerely believe it was a tactical mistake from i2 to allow to the large degree of customization. i2 added further to the tactical mistakes by not highlighting potentia l issues with running the i2 on the legacy system hindering data integration effectually diminishing the usability – and in turn satisfaction – of the software. During the implementation phase i2 made another tactical mistake by not being close enough to Nike and co-manage the process or the rollout. To rollout without proper/any testing and training was a huge mistake committed by Nike, but i2 should have intervened.I believe project management on both sides was weak, which allowed for these mistakes caused by poor communication and lack of managing expectations. Unfortunately for i2 the number of tactical mistake converted in a strategic issue damaging the reputation of i2, when Nike publically assigned the blame of the failure to them. i2 had in the cooperation with Nike a unique opportunity to position itself as a world leading SCM software vendor as the project was groundbreaking in terms of size and complexity.However, instead of gaining this competitive advantag e the failed implementation, the public statements by Nike and the following class-action lawsuits from the Nike shareholders labeled i2 as incompetent. i2 severely miscalculated the tactical benefits of pleasing the client versus the strategic gains of completing the project successfully. I believe i2 was too focused on the short-term completion, which made them cut corners and discard own recommendations in order not to have a conflict with the client.Overall, I find it unfair to blame i2 entirely. After all, the vendor selection is always the responsibility of the buyer and proper evaluation and testing of the product for its functionality would have averted this kind of failure. â€Å"Implementing a supply-chain management solution is like crossing the street; High risk if you don't look both ways, but low risk if you do. † Question 3: Nike was one of the first companies to start using the SAP module Apparel and Footwear Solution (AFS). From NIKE viewpoint, do you think t hat is a good strategy?In my opinion Nike took a chance when start using AFS. Being one of the first users of the AFS software, could potentially have been a risky endeavor as software in the initial stages can be prone to bugs and other dis-functionalities. However, Nike implemented the AFS to perfection, which meant that the risk was very well handled. Especially the meticulous testing, seeking external consultancy service and skeleton roll-out stands out as key steps for the success of this specific project.To analyze if it was a good strategy we need to analyze Nike’s financial performance against the main competition . The aim is to analyze if Nike after the implementation of AFS was performing more efficiently – measured on key financial parameters – hence creating a competitive advantage. I find clear evidence that is the case. I believe Nike created a competitive advantage by being a first-mover in the usage of AFS. Nike had the key objective to manage a nd turn the inventory faster and more efficiently. In my research I find that in addition to turning the inventory 4. times versus 3. 5 of the competition, Nike has significant less cash tied up in inventory – $2. 7bln versus $3. 4bln – which is remarkable as Nike produces a larger revenue than Adidas. A final point showing great operational efficient at Nike, is the ability to create a cash flow from these activities, where Nike in 2011 generated $1. 8bln in cash versus the competitors $1. 6bln. The competitor’s gross profit margin only exceeds Nike’s in 2011 after Nike has clearly outperformed on this factor as well throughout the time period being analyzed.It could be an indication that the competitors are closing in on Nike’s competitive advantage in the areas of software implementation. I believe it was a good strategic decision to be an AFS first-mover. Nike handled the implementation very well and thereby managed to balance the risk and rewa rd to the benefit of Nike against the competition. We see that Nike has outperformed Adidas in terms of gross profit margin continuously with exception of the last year in the analysis. I argue that the outperformance is based on primarily the relative efficiency of the supply chain.The main indication of Nike’s superior supply chain is the inventory and inventory turn rate. We see below that Adidas has significantly higher holding of inventory relative to Nike and that Nike turns its inventory faster. In more efficient supply chain and hence business operation is reflected in the ability to generate cash from the operating activities. Nike evidently creates a larger cash flow than Adidas. The financial markets also recognize Nike’s competitive advantage as the stock shows a significant better performance than Adidas. (+171% vs. +86%, 2007-)

Toxicity testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Toxicity testing - Essay Example Thus, chronic testing extends over a longer period than the sub chronic testing. The observation period for sub chronic testing is about three months, while the observation period for chronic testing is about twelve to twenty-four months (Hamilton, 1977). Sub chronic testing usually involves lesser group of animals than chronic testing. While chronic testing could involve a large group of animals of about twenty for each sex (for rodents), sub chronic testing could take about ten for each sex (for rodents) (Hamilton, 1977). The name sub chronic testing is even an indicator that it involves a lower level of toxicity testing o the chronic testing. In carrying out the toxicity experiment, there are several factors that should be considered in order to determine the most suitable toxicity method. It should be noted that, if a large group of animals is involved, the chronic testing method is preferred, but if it is only a few group of animals, the sub chronic testing method is preferred over the chronic testing

Special Business Forms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Special Business Forms - Essay Example This involves the issue of how risks can be accommodated between and amongst the coalescing parties. Moreover, the person needs to come to familiarize with the terms and conditions governing such a form of partnership (Emerson, 2009). However, in the case of Bateson Corp, it is very challenging to join the other two companies. Any move to partner with either of the two companies is poised to result to big losses to Bateson Corp. this follows that Bateson Corp is not familiar with the way such businesses operate. In addition, Bateson Corp is not familiar with some of the terms and conditions that may govern their partnerships. In such a case, forming a partnership with such business ventures may most likely result to losses on the side of Bateson. For instance, such business corporations may breach the contracts of the partnership. In case such happens, it is most likely that such corporations may even fail to pay for the equipment that may have been supplied by Bateson Corp. This is likely to result to big losses on the side of Bateson

Literary criticism of exegesis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literary criticism of exegesis - Research Paper Example Luke’s gospel has many features, distinguishing it from other scripts. Since Luke explicitly says that it intends to describe everything in order, the great interest is dedicated to the structure of his Gospel and its comparison with the other parts of the Holy Bible. He uses the same general scheme as Matthew and Mark, although the details of the structure have a lot of specific features. Analyzing the verse of Luke 9:18-36, we can see a lot of peculiarities, which arise during the reading of the script. The context, preceding this verse reveals the following. Sending to the service his twelve disciples, Jesus gave them two assignments. They were to preach the kingdom of God and to heal the sick people. They were able to commit this will, because Jesus gave them power over the world of demons and above the sphere of physical ailments. Christ Himself has revealed His power over both of these areas. Healing must have been performed particularly by the disciples as the evidence of their faith. That fact that Jesus gave them the appropriate "power" represents Him as the Messiah, who has the ability to enter a person into the kingdom of God. From this moment people had to show their faith also in relation to the twelve disciples, because in this way they would have revealed their faith in the Messiah. Hosting the disciples was the indicator, which revealed the confidence of people in them. The mission of disciples was not long and soon they returned to Jesus with the report.

Employer's Duty of Care and Issues of Compensation Assignment

Employer's Duty of Care and Issues of Compensation - Assignment Example If the instructions are not stated clearly, the employee may act in good faith to fulfill a particular duty of obedience. This should be done in a manner that is reasonable especially considering the existing circumstances at that particular moment. Jake has been employed on a contract basis as certified auto mechanic at the Rally motors. This therefore means that Jake may perform any job assigned to him by his employer provided the job is reasonable. Even as Jake performs the job assigned to him, he is aware of what is expected of him by the federal or state regulations. Basing on the movie, one can comfortably say that Jake’s actions are within his scope of employment. The current job of oil change is, most likely, not what Jake expected as he entered into an employment agreement with Herman. Instead it is a promotional offer invented by Herman to attract more customers as he says that as the customers’ cars are being serviced, the customers get a chance to check out the new car models. So Jake may argue that as far as what is expected of him in terms of standards is concerned, his actions are within his scope of employment (Goss, 2004). It may be argued that every employee has an obligation to perform his duties as directed by his employer. Such arguments may be as a result shortsightedness in terms of the potential impacts it may have on the business in the future. In this case, for example, customers expect a fully serviced vehicle from the service department especially if the service personnel like Jake are certified. So, it is Jake’s responsibility to do thorough service work on the customers’ vehicles and this includes checking and where possible servicing the tires, brakes and transmission as would be expected of a certified auto mechanic (Murolo & Chitty, 2001). This ensures that the vehicle is safe for driving by the customer. If a vehicle from the service centre gets involved in an accident and the resultant victim, be it the customer or another third party, sues the service company, the company might be forced to compensate for the loss or damage incurred. This might destroy the company’s reputation and also bring the competencies of the auto mechanics involved, like Jake, into question. Another perspective would be for Jake to identify if there is something wrong with any part of the vehicle that might pose a safety risk and make it his duty to inform the customer and recommend for him/her the necessary or appropriate repairs to be made. If the extra work Jake is doing on the customers’ vehicles is not paid for and therefore does not generate any further income for his employer, then it would appear that he is violating his duty obedience. This can be clearly seen when Herman tells him that his work is to change the oil but not to fix other parts of the vehicle, an action that finally results into overcrowding of the customers’ vehicles. Considering these two perspectives, the question whether or not Jake acted within the scope of his employment becomes complicated and hence one that can only be satisfactorily handled by a jury. Question 2: Explain whether or not Herman

Storify Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Storify - Essay Example Storify is a website that allows users to create a free account and it does not require users to download software. Anyone can visit it by using browser such as Chrome, Firefox and Safari on a Windows or MAC operating system. It can be found using any search engine such as Google, Bing or others. Users can also access Storify from their iPad by downloading the iPad application in the Apple iTunes App Store. Initially to access the website, users need to create an account or can log in using Facebook or Twitter. If the user chooses to log in by using Facebook or Twitter, this allows for the account to be created faster because it allows the site to have access to the same information that a Facebook or Twitter account has access to. Also when signing up using Twitter or Facebook, users are immediately prompted to be able to follow people on Storify that they already know through the other social media networks who are also Storify users. After creating the account, it is easy to instantly write stories, follow people and access other stories. Next a user can navigate the Storify homepage. The first thing users will see after creating the account is the main page of Storify. At the top of the main page of Storify, there is the search box where users can search to find media collected on Storify. This search box can always be found on the homepage or at the top of any other page on the site. At the middle of the page, users will see already featured users, featured stories, the latest stories from featured users, and the latest updates from the people users have been following. Creating a new story in Storify is also easy because it has simple interface and allows for the drag and drop option. To create a new story, click on the ‘New Story’ button. Up pops a template to start writing on to create a draft. First, users can write a title and a description for their stories story. On the left, users will find the template to start building a

Culture, Ethics, and Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culture, Ethics, and Diversity - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that  Crane and Matten humorously stated that an organization without ethics is like a ship in the middle of the sea without sailor. It has been argued by the researchers that ethical leadership is needed for organization in order to achieve sustainable growth. Crane and Matten also argued that global organizations face plenty of conflicts and trust deficit while operating business in competitive global environment and in such cases, these organizations need to follow some rigid ethical guidelines in order to address these challenges successfully.  This discussion highlights that  Cameron and Quinn raised a pertinent question that can organizations achieve leadership position by deploying culture of ethics and moral principles? Well the answer of the question is not very simple due to the fact ethics is an intangible element which has the capability to impact the tangible outcomes. Another problem is that there is still no standardized definition of organizational culture. In such context, TrevinËÅ"o and Weaver defined ethical organizational culture as the organizational setting which allows members to follow legal principles and do not involve in those activities which can hurt the interest of not only organization but also hurt the interest of social members. Consideration of the research work of Kaptein reveals the fact that corporate ethics virtues (CEV) model can be used to understand ethical culture in organization.... Zhang, Lowry, Zhou & Fu (2007) criticized the assumptions of previous research scholars that organizations only use the concept of diversity for achieving innovation because sometimes, organizations create culture of diversity due to strategic reasons. However, it is evident from the above discussion that there is significant amount of doubt; confusion and argument exist regarding integration of culture of ethics and culture of diversity within organizational context. Another important thing is that, very few research scholars have tried to understand the intra level relationship between ethical culture and diversity driven culture and how the conjoint relationship between these two variables can impact organizational leadership. In the next section, the researcher will address these issues in the light of existing literature. Literature Review Organizational Leadership & Ethical Culture Cameron and Quinn (2006) raised a pertinent question that can organizations achieve leadership po sition by deploying culture of ethics and moral principles? Well the answer of the question is not very simple due to the fact ethics is an intangible element which has the capability to impact the tangible outcomes. Another problem is that there is still no standardized definition of organizational culture. In such context, Trevin?o and Weaver (2003) defined ethical organizational culture as the organizational setting which allows members to follow legal principles and do not involve in those activities which can hurt the interest of not only organization but also hurt the interest of social members. Consideration of the research work of Kaptein (2008) reveals the fact that corporate ethics virtues (CEV)

Contrast the development of the themes of justice and inequality in Research Paper

Contrast the development of the themes of justice and inequality in Langston Hughes poems the freedom train, Merry-Go-Round - Research Paper Example Hughes managed to go through the odds by working as nightclub door attendant and superintendent whereas he travelled to places such as West Africa, Italy, and Paris and it is from most of his work that he experienced heights of inequality and discriminations for being black among whites.   During this time, he developed poems that enabled him to receive a scholarship to Lincoln University in Pennsylvania (Hughes and Susan 20).   In this work, the rhythmic, lyrical nature of his poetry is obvious as is his conviction that only by continuing with his African lineage could African Americans finds appreciation (Anthony and Stephanie 25); however, in most cases black or African Americans were subjected to great discrimination. His emergence occurred around the same time which is being referred to Harlem Renaissance lately. The Harlem Renaissance period was characterised by deep questioning of African American racial orientation and identity (Hughes and Susan 18). This was also combine d with the effect of slavery and racism on the generations that followed. Hughes is one of the most successful poets of the period. His success is not determined by the way he struggled to attain success but by the way, he represented the issues of the African Americans that he ever felt was being undermined and regarded as dogs especially when they were formed by their white counterparts to undertake certain chores (Anthony and Stephanie 25). For instance, in his poem Madam and Her Madam, he ironically accepted the claims of love from his madam, â€Å"I said, Madam, That may be true-- But I'll be dogged† (Madam and Her Madam22). It is notable that people liked him for his contributions in the field of equality and social justices. The way he wrote the two people attempted to question the racism and the effect of such writing on African Americans. He also questioned the hypocrisy of the correctly elected persons. He noted that while these democratically elected people enjoyed service delivery, he suggests that their focus was on the whites (Hughes and Susan 21). This was a clear an attack on the leadership so that the African Americans could also benefit from their participation in the electoral process by having the leaders put in place plans that escalate their inclusion (Hughes and Susan 20). It is notable that he served as the voice of hope and impartiality for the African Americans who lived in a highly racially segregated society. In this society, the African Americans routinely suffered from all manner of discrimination, bias, and utter violence. It was indeed very unfortunate that white Americans even considered and took the African Americans as their slaves. His artworks reminded people of the kind of life, which they really deserved yet they could not receive because the white men were in charge. He made the clarion call using the â€Å"free† where all are â€Å"equal† which he argued excluded African Americans (Hughes and Susan 18). The clarion call resonated so well with other emerging African American opinion shapers who conformed and resolved that Black Americans must have their space and enjoy the life provisions with liberty. The people were charged to ask about the rational for perpetuating inequality against fellow Americans because they had a different color. He argued that the

Marketing analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing analysis - Essay Example Information provided mainly helps a firm to make decisions on fields such as purchases, expansion or contraction of work force, inventory, promotional activities and expansion of facilities among other important fields that require decision making process in an organization. From this perspective, market analysis is useful to any organization because it acts as a guide through to how activities will be carried out in the firm. Without this process of analyzing the market, a company is not in a position to make decisions and know what products to distribute in the market. It is the demand in the market that guides firms on what to produce this means market analysis is of importance to every firm since the aim of a firm is to make sales and earn profits rather than experience loss. Marketing research is important in decision making as it plays some roles in the system of marketing. Marketing research is part of the intelligence feedback procedure of marketing. This research process hel ps to provide information used by decision makers to help them make necessary changes in regards to the situation of the market mix. Marketing research also acts as a means for carrying out exploration of new opportunities. In this case, new product research and segmentation research help to identify the most profitable opportunities in the market place (MacDaniel, 5). It is therefore; clear that market research is useful as managers of different companies undertake this process so that they can make decisions on how to run their daily activities. This is a process that provides information on the situation of the market making it possible for managers to know the changes of demand in the market for them to change their supply rates. This implies that companies that use market research technique as a guide are able to avoid surplus production meaning they always produce what is needed in the market and in the correct amounts to avoid wastage and loss. There are various dimensions th at are usually included in the nature and content of analyzing a market. According to Aaker these dimensions are: Submarkets that are emerging The definite and prospective size of the market and submarket. The growth of markets and submarkets. Profitability of the markets. The structural cost. Nature of distributing systems. Changes in developments and trends, The major success factors. The major success details. These are the dimensions that are mostly used in the modern society market to identify opportunities, strategic uncertainties and threats that are there in the markets so as to control production for the betterment of the company (Aaker, 61). BIOTOP is an Austrian company offering Natural Swimming Pool services. These services were initiated in Austria and have with time been extended to other parts including nations outside Austria. There has been significant growth in this industry since it was initiated, as many companies offering the same type of services have been deve loped. With the development of these other companies it is clear that this BIOTOP Company faces competition. This essay will major on providing information on analysis of competitors of BIOTOP companies in the Unites States market. The two major competing companies that will be discussed in the essay are BioNova and Gartenart companies. One among the many companies that compete against BIOTOP

Education and its impacts in students learning Essay Example for Free

Education and its impacts in students learning Essay The paper is about education and how its impacts enhance students learning. Universal access to education is one of the millennium goals of development. The main observations have been made together with the impacts. There is a brief introduction to what education really is. In addition, the essay further concludes by giving recommendations to what should be done to ensure every person has access to learning facilities both in the developing and undeveloped countries. Introduction Education can be termed as wealth of awareness. It can be picked up by a person and passed from one generation to the next after studying a certain subject or undergoing life lessons. It can be said to be a form of learning. Unfortunately, universal access to education has not been completely attained. A great education begins at home hence the kind of a background a child comes from will have an impact on their education. Observations made on education It has been observed that poverty particularly in developing countries is a major cause for education inequality. Secondly, the importance of education in modern world cannot be taken for granted. For instance, some sectors such as the military previously did not put emphasis on education requirements but currently they have raised minimum education requirements. It has also been observed that most countries are adopting modern technology in their learning institutions. There has been an increase in use of electronic devices such as laptops and I pads. More so, learning has been made easier since one can be educated from home through the e-learning. The observations made can be compared to the education indicators as listed by Aud et. al (2013). Impacts on students learning The Social economic status is based on the parent’s level of learning, their profession, earnings and their position in their social order. Parents with a high social economic status are likely to lay a good background for their children education than those of low status. They can afford to buy their children most of education materials they require such as pens, books and toys for young kids to enhance their early schooling. They are also capable of ensuring that their offspring have access to quality health care. In addition, these parents can access information about the well performing schools and they can also afford to pay the fees. On the other hand, parents with low social economic status usually do not have high levels of education hence their children will not be well prepared at home to start schooling unlike those with high social economic status. Gender in most African countries is still an issue to be looked upon. Boys are always preferred when it comes to access to education especially when resources to take children to school are limited. For instance, even if a girl had a better score than a boy, parents in most of African countries will prefer to take the boy for higher learning. Studies have shown that most of the poorest women in most countries have not even completed their primary school. Poverty is another impact on education. Children from poor households are less likely to perform well in class. These children usually have less participation in class, their level of terminology is low hence unlikely to perform well. Their parents cannot afford good nutrition for their kids and as a result, kids may have nutritional related illnesses and their education is disrupted. Parenting is the process of upbringing children. A child’s parent is commonly their first educator. Parents have roles of ensuring that their children are prepared for school, for example by ensuring that they have sufficient food and good health, this is necessary for a child concentration in class which results to good performance. It is at home that parents mostly emphasis on virtues such as hard work, integrity and commitment. The Society also has an impact on education. Community customs and practices have a great impact on education, which can either be helpful or damaging. For example, communities with traditions that encourage early marriages for girls prevent them from accessing their fundamental right to education. Technology, which is being embraced quite well in most countries, has a great impact on students’ performance. This is majorly for students in higher learning institutions. Students with access internet are able to complete their assignments in time. Most of higher learning institutions have embraced modern technology and they are offering some courses or units online, this is convenient for those students with access to internet because they can take classes at their free time and can also learn at their own pace. Conclusion Social economic status and poverty have the greatest impact on children access to education. Other factors with impact on education are access to technology, parenting, and race among others. These factors may have positive or negative impacts on children access to education. Undesirable effects such as inequality in education can be dealt with by making primary school education free and compulsory. If possible, education at each stage should be made free or affordable to everyone, promoting women education, discouraging child labor and school dropouts. Embracing modern technology improves education quality worldwide. References Aud, S. , Wilkinson-Flicker, S. , Kristapovich, P. , Rathbun, A. , Wang, X. , Zhang, J. , National Center for Education Statistics, (2013). The Condition of Education 2013. NCES 2013- 037 . National Center For Education Statistics, accessed on 24th May 2013.

Impact of Shale Gas on Seismic Activity

Impact of Shale Gas on Seismic Activity Is shale gas development responsible for increased seismic activity? 1. Introduction In recent years, shale gas has become the notorious poster child of the fossil fuel industry (Sovacool, 2014). Proponents tout it as being the answer to current energy needs given that it is available in abundance and has a lower carbon footprint than other fossil fuels e.g. coal and oil (Sovacool, 2014). Contrary to this, opponents have a firm stance against shale gas development, having concerns about its environmental impact. Shale gas has come under fire once again as a link between fracking and earthquakes has stirred up public emotions (Walsh, 2014). There has been a dramatic increase in the number of seismic events in the central and eastern regions of the United States. The US has seen over 300 earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 on the Richter scale over a period of three years (2010 to 2012) in comparison to an average of 21 events per year over the last three decades (Ellsworth, 2013). In several states such as Oklahoma, Colorado, Texas, Arkansas and Ohio these increased seismic events have been linked to underground injection of waste water from shale gas developments (Ellsworth, 2013). In the United Kingdom hydraulic fracturing at Preese Hall near Blackpool has been linked to two earthquakes of magnitude 2.3 and 1.5 on the Richter scale (Green, Styles Baptie, 2012). There are a number of procedural steps required for shale gas development that include the following: road and well pad construction, well drilling, casing, perforating, hydraulic fracturing, completion, production, abandonment and reclamation. This essay focuses on the underlying potential of hydraulic fracturing and underground waste water disposal to trigger seismic activities. Despite seismic activities being recorded at only a handful of the numerous shale gas development sites, the evidence indicates that increased seismic activity can be linked to shale gas development (Ellsworth, 2013). Even though the magnitude of these earthquakes are on the scale of being nuisances rather than catastrophes (Sovacool, 2014), there is a growing interest into understanding the cause of these events and the mitigation strategies to avoid larger catastrophes in terms of earthquakes or surface damage. 2. Induced Seismicity Induced seismic events are earthquakes triggered by human activity such as injecting fluids into rock formations for waste water disposal and hydraulic fracturing (National Research Council, 2013). Induced events have a much smaller magnitude than naturally occurring events and are therefore not usually felt on the Earth’s surface (Davies et al, 2013). Induced earthquakes take place when changes occur in the pore pressure-the pressure of fluid in the pores and fractures of rock-due to injection or withdrawal of fluids from the Earth’s subsurface. This change in pressure alters the stress on nearby faults, causing them to slip creating a seismic event. There are many factors that contribute to the magnitude and likelihood of an induced earthquake which include the injection rate, fluid pressure, fluid volume and injection duration (Davies et al, 2013). Since there is no physical difference between naturally occurring earthquakes and induced earthquakes it is difficult to determine the origin of a seismic event (National Research Council, 2013). A study conducted by Davis and Frohlich (1993) proposed criteria that have to be met in order to consider an earthquake as induced. These are: 1. Are these events the first known earthquakes of this character in the region? 2. Is there a clear correlation between injection and seismicity? 3. Are epicentres near wells (within 5km)? 4. Do some earthquakes occur at or near injection depths? 5. If not, are there known geologic structures that may channel flow to sites of earthquakes? 6. Are changes in fluid pressures at well bottoms sufficient to encourage seismicity? Based on these criterion the seismic activity in Dallas Fort Worth, USA was attributed to disposal of waste water from fracking activities (Frohlich et al, 2010) and the earthquakes at Preese Hall, UK were linked to hydraulic fracturing (Green, Styles Baptie, 2012). Figure 1 shows the 198 recorded global induced seismic events (Davies et al, 2013:p.178). Out of the 198 examples of induced seismicity hydraulic fracturing accounts for only 3 instances of ‘felt seismicity’ (seismic activity above magnitude 2.0 on the Richter scale) and waste water disposal, specifically from shale gas activities, also accounts for only 3 ‘felt’ seismic events (Davies et al, 2013). Figure 1. Frequency vs. magnitude for 198 published examples of induced seismicity (Davies et al, 2013:p.178) 3. Seismic activity due to hydraulic fracturing Hydraulic fracturing is the technique used to extract gas from ‘shale rock’ formations. Shale rock has large quantities of methane which are trapped in it due to its low permeability (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012). In order to release the gas, fracking fluid is injected at high pressures to create fractures, increasing permeability of the rock and allowing gas to flow out. Micro-seismic events (less than magnitude 2 on the Richter scale) are often associated with the creation of faults in hydraulic fracturing, however their magnitude is too small to be felt on the surface (Davies et al, 2013). In the event of the presence of a pre-stressed fault near the fracked well a larger seismic event can occur although its magnitude will have an upper limit of 3 on the Richter scale (Green, Styles Baptie, 2012). The magnitude of induced seismicity is directly proportional to the surface area of the fault and degree of stress on the fault (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012). The magnitude also depends on the pressure in the well, which is determined by the following factors (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012): Volume of injected fracking fluid Volume of flow back fluid Injection rate Flow back rate The importance of controlling the well pressure can help mitigate seismicity, as seismic events have occurred only at wells where large volumes of fluid have been injected with little or no flow back leading to pressure build up (de Pater Baisch, 2011). The seismic activity observed at Blackpool, UK was linked to the hydraulic fracturing operations underway at Preese Hall due to spatial and temporal correlation (Green, Styles Baptie, 2012). Eisner et al (2011) conducted a study to look into the reasons behind the earthquakes, which concluded that the earthquakes were caused by injection of fracking fluid directly into an adjacent fault. The fluid injection had changed the pore pressure, reduced stress on the fault and caused it to slip resulting in a series of earthquakes. The earthquakes were also measured against the criteria suggested by Davis and Frohlich (1993) to determine whether they were induced or natural events (Eisner et al, 2011): Table 1. Criteria proposed by Davis and Frohlich (1993) to help differentiate between induced and natural seismicity applied to events at Preese Hall (Eisner et al, 2011:p. 21) The table above shows that the criteria were met and hence the events at Blackpool were classified as having been induced by hydraulic fracturing activities at Preese Hall. Mitigation: In order to avoid such events the Department of Energy and Climate Change introduced the following controls and checks for well operators (Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2014): Utilise all geological information available to determine the location of faults before drilling wells to ensure wells are at a distance from existing fault lines. Inject minimum amounts of fracking fluid Constantly monitor seismic activity Introduce ‘traffic light monitoring system’, which determines whether to proceed with injection or not on the basis of seismic activity magnitude. The implementation of these mitigation strategies would help operators assess location of faults before fracking, monitor seismic activity and stop even if minor tremors occur. 4. Seismic activity due to waste water disposal Waste water is a by-product of fracking and is often disposed of by being injected, under pressure, into disposal wells. Waste water injection increases underground pore pressure and weakens nearby faults, lubricating them, and causing them to slip resulting in an earthquake. The magnitude of induced seismic activity from waste water disposal is larger than that of fracking because it involves injection of larger volumes of fluid over a timespan of months or years (as opposed to a few days for fracking) causing greater pressures to build up (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012). The upper limit of magnitude of seismicity induced by disposal in 5 on the Richter scale (Majer et al, 2007). In the USA links between waste water disposal and seismicity were drawn when a cluster of earthquakes were noticed in the Guy-Greenbrier area of Arkansas. Since the first disposal wells became operational in April 2009 this area experienced an increase in the number of magnitude 2.5 (or greater) earthquakes, with one in 2007, two in 2008, ten in 2009 and fifty four in 2010 (Horton, 2012). Horton (2012) reports that 98% of the earthquakes occurred within 6 km of one of the disposal wells, began post-injection, increased when the rate of injection increased and tapered off when the well was shutdown. After an extensive study of the area it was noted that the waste water was being injected into an aquifer from where it increased pore pressure on an unknown fault triggering the earthquakes (Horton, 2012). Similar activity was observed in the Dallas Fort Worth area, where 11 ‘non-felt’ (magnitude less than 2 on the Richter scale) seismic events were recorded during the period between the 20th of November and 2nd of December 2008 (Frohlich et al, 2010). The epicentre of all 11 events was less than 0.5 km away from a disposal well thereby causing them to be classified as induced seismic events (Frohlich et al, 2010). Out of the thousands of disposal wells in the US only a handful have displayed seismic activity (Frohlich et al, 2010). The reason for this could be that most of the wells are drilled into porous, permeable rocks suitable for accommodating fluids and that injection induced triggering occurs only if the fluid reaches a favourably oriented fault (Frohlich et al, 2010). Mitigation: The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering (2012) have suggested steps that could be taken to mitigate the seismic activity due to waste water disposal: 1. Injection into active faults and brittle, non-porous rocks should be avoided 2. Pressure changes at depth should be minimised by reducing volume of fluid to be disposed. This could be done by building more wells to accommodate smaller volumes of fluid or injecting into highly permeable rocks. 3. A ‘traffic light monitoring system’ should be deployed to respond to seismicity. 5. Conclusion After analysis of data from shale gas plays in the US and UK it can be concluded that shale gas development is responsible for the increased seismic activity felt in these regions. It must be noted however that most cases of seismic activity had magnitudes well below what could be felt at the surface (Davies et al, 2013). According to the National Research Council (2013) hydraulic fracturing does not pose a high risk for inducing seismic activity while disposal of waste water into underground wells poses a greater risk due to the injection of larger volumes of waste water for longer durations of time. However, of the 30,000 wells in operation in the US, only 3 wells have displayed ‘felt’ seismic activity (Davies et al, 2013). A balanced approach should be taken while addressing this matter as other human activities (mining and oil recovery) are responsible for far greater incidences of induced seismicity (Davies et al, 2013). In order to allay public concerns and reduce risks associated with seismic activity the government should enforce certain regulations e.g. geological assessment of rock system at well site, deployment of ‘traffic monitoring system’, limitations on volume and rate of fluid injected and limitations on the proximity of wells to active seismic zones or critical facilities (hospitals, schools, nuclear power plants etc.). Coordinated efforts should be made between the government and industry to put in place a mechanism to respond to induced seismic events and gather comprehensive geological data from shale gas development sites to better understand why, how and where these events occur. References Davies, R., Foulger, G., Bindley, A. Styles, P. (2013) Induced seismicity and hydraulic fracturing for the recovery of hydrocarbons. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 45 (0), 171-185. Davis, S. D. Frohlich, C. (1993) Did (or will) fluid injection cause earthquakes? -criteria for a rational assessment. Seismological Research Letters. 64 (3-4), 207-224. de Pater, C.J,Baish,S. (2011) Geomechanical Study of Bowland Shale Seismicity. Eisner,L.,Janskà ¡,E., OprÃ… ¡al,I.,MatouÃ… ¡ek,P. (2011) Seismic analysis of the events in the vicinity of the Preese Hall well. Cuadrilla Resources Ltd. Ellsworth, W. L. (2013) Injection-Induced Earthquakes. Science. 341 (6142). Frohlich, C., Potter, E., Hayward, C. Stump, B. (2010) Dallas-Fort Worth earthquakes coincident with activity associated with natural gas production. The Leading Edge. 29 (3), 270-275. Green,C.A.,Styles,P.,Baptie, B.J. (2012) Preese Hall Shale Gas Fracturing Review and Recommendations for Induced Seismic Mitigation. Horton, S. (2012) Disposal of Hydrofracking Waste Fluid by Injection into Subsurface Aquifers Triggers Earthquake Swarm in Central Arkansas with Potential for Damaging Earthquake. Seismological Research Letters. 83 (2), 250-260. Majer, E. L., Baria, R., Stark, M., Oates, S., Bommer, J., Smith, B. Asanuma, H. (2007) Induced seismicity associated with Enhanced Geothermal Systems. Geothermics. 36 (3), 185-222. National Research Council. (2013) Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies. Washington, DC, The National Academies Press. Sovacool, B. K. (2014) Cornucopia or curse? Reviewing the costs and benefits of shale gas hydraulic fracturing (fracking). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 37 (0), 249-264.

Antidepressant Drugs: Types, Effects and Developments

Antidepressant Drugs: Types, Effects and Developments Introduction: Depression is one of the parts of mental disorder which is affecting millions of people worldwide. [6] The logical analytical approach used in clinical and forensic toxicology for the identification of one or more Antidepressant Drugs as a cause of intoxication is largely based on both simple and fast screening methods which cover their extraction and identification including detection of their possible metabolites is been tried to reviewed. Antidepressant: Types Functions Antidepressant drugs cover many varieties of drugs having different modes of actions like [16] etc. Adverse effects Antidepressants are supposed to increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children accompanying other disorders like depressive and psychiatric disorders. [17] [18] [19] The European Medicines Agency showed warning on the use of Antidepressants which might be increased the risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. [31] TCAs and MAOIs can produce similar kind of side effects like Tachycardia, blurred vision, urinary retention, cardiovascular effects , hypotension, respiratory depression, coma etc. [4] Thus, these drugs may be responsible for the fatality and intoxication and can produce severe effects. Also their growing rate all over the world may show threatening effects which is the matter of global concern. Thus, its increasing prescription rate and adverse effects resulting in a growing interest for determination methods in the Clinical and Forensic field. Biological Samples use for the Screening of Antidepressant Drugs Biological samples are the basic requirement of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology as it solve several related questions which make basis of judgement, consultation and expertise for the above two fields. The matrices generally encountered for analysis are urine [34], hair, nails, vitrous humour etc. The most important biosample used for analytical purposes is Blood. It is a liquid connective tissue of the body composed of different kinds of blood cells suspended in a fluid called plasma. Blood (plasma, serum) is one of the best choices for quantitative and qualitative measurements of drugs of interest because pharmacological or toxicological effects correlate more effectively with their concentrations in blood. [42] Another important biological sample is Urine which is a widely used specimen employed for screening, identification and testing of unknown drugs, forms in high amount, readily available, easy to collect and contains much useful information about the major metabolic functions of the body. [43] Taking Forensic concept in postmortem cases if the positive finding of drug occurs in urine shows that the detected substance or its parent compound might be present in the body some time before death [48] A next alternative to the blood and urine specimen found is Oral fluid for their applications in therapeutic and toxicological drug monitoring [54] When analytical studies get concern with long duration of exposure to the detection window Hair could be as a best biological matrix for the identification and analysis of drugs. It is supposed that drugs or chemicals enter in to hair by passive diffusion from blood capillaries into growing cells and the mechanisms of substance incorporation, analytical methods, result interpretation and practical applications of hair analysis has been well reviewed showing practical utility of hair analysis. [62] Except from all the above given matrices one very precise and rarely encountered biological sample is Vitreous Humor. Its a fluid found between the lens and retina of the eye proved to be the best choice for analytical examinations as it is relatively well isolated and protected from putrefaction. Two different fatality cases were reported where the extraction of drugs is done from Vitreous humor. One case has been reported of citalopram fatality where the extraction of drug is done from Vitreous humor yeilding concentration of citalopram (SSRI) less than 0.04mg/L and in second case venlafaxine fatality is reported where postmortem analysis revealed the concentrations of Fluoxetine (SSRI) and its metabolite Norfluoxetine as 5.2 mg/l and 2.2mg/l respectively. [64] Other than these specimens, body tissues like liver [71], cerebrospinal fluid etc. canalso encounter for toxic and therapeutic drug monitoring biological matrices. Techniques for Sample Preparation Several methods have been published for the determination of one or more antidepressants in biological fluids for therapeutic monitoring or for toxicological purposes. For making biological samples suitable for analytical purposes some treatments should be given to overcome the matrix effects such that the other materials should not interfere with the analytical separation that is the extractability of the analytes in the sample inturn the results of the analysis. [96] These kinds of techniques are rapidly gaining acceptance in bioanalytical applications to reduce both time and labor required to produce bioanalytical results. Thus we can say that these methods give a high selectivity and sensitivity over a wide dynamic range and contribute in formulating very fine detection techniques. Some Commonly Prescribed New Generation Antidepressant Drugs and their Metabolites Several new antidepressants that inhibit the Serotonin (SERT) and Norepinephrine transporters (NET) have been consistently use for therapeutic purposes. [108] are showing below. Sertraline is an effective and highly utilized SSRIs group of drug and â€Å"its principle metabolite is desmethylsertraline.† [41] Another SSRIs group of Antidepressant drug, Fluoxetine has been used worldwide in the therapy of major depression. (3) â€Å"It is primarily metabolized via N-demethylation by the [117] Citalopram is a selective and potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor. [78] Another very important group of Antidepressant drug is SNRIs which includes drugs like Venlafaxine which inhibits serotonin, noradrenaline, and to a lesser extent dopamine reuptake. [39] In the majority of published analytical methods for determination of Antidepressant drugs, gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, in combination to different kinds of colums operating under different separation conditions, mobile phases and detectors has been used. These were tried to review in the table given below. With high-performance liquid chromatography the analysis is done by using different kinds of detectors like Fluorescence detector, UV detector, Mass detectors etc. For ex. a high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in human plasma where Fluorescence detector was used. [140] A survey of most recent multiresidue analytical methods developed for the determination of different kinds of Antidepressant drugs in different types of biological test matrices with their specific cleanup procedures including the choice of mobile phase, stationary phase, detector system and validation data is summarized in the tabular form below. TABLE Abbreviations:APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation, ESI eletrospray ionisation, LLE liquid-liquid extraction, LOD limitation of detection, LOQ limit of quantification, SIM single ion monitoring, SPE solid-phase extraction, SRM selected reaction monitoring , ESI electron spray ionization, UV ultraviolet, FD fluorescence detector, LC_TMS liquid chromatography tandom mass spectrometry, LC_MS, GC_MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry, RP-HPLC reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thus, this table is framed for the comparative study of the major analytical approaches used in the detection and identification of Antidepressant Drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices in order to develop the new methods with the aim to increase the sample throughput and to improve the quality of analytical methods. Thus, analytical methods for the detection of ADs and their metabolites in biological matrices are of interest in the field of forensic toxicology which involves the analysis of drugs and poisons in biological specimens and interpretation of the results to be applied in a court of law. Several analytical methods have been developed for analysis of these antidepressants in biological matrices. These methods provide a good precision and accuracy over the entire analytical range and allowing the development of very rapid and efficient analytical methods by using newer kind of analytical techniques. Conclusion: As the subject of Antidepressants toxicity is evolving, newer methods for their analysis are also evolving. However, some classes of Antidepressants drugs are less toxic and well tolerated but can lead to Toxic or Fatal Drug interaction. The research in this field is very active and results in a large number of papers published every year. Therefore they may be encountered in many Clinical and Forensic cases. Therefore, this review is mainly aimed to target latest analytical and instrumental methods used for detection and characterization of Antidepressant drugs and their metabolites in biological test matrices in turn focus on their toxic as well as therapeutic aspects which would be definitely prove to be helpful in future research and still there is lots of work required in this area as its prescription rate and toxicity is evolving day by day all over the world and by using non-destructive and sophisticated newer instrumental techniques we can also built a new strategy of examina tion and investigation for the drugs of interest. However, in this study, a decision about whether a studys findings are positive or negative cannot always be based strictly on the primary outcome measure. Future trials should also consider, using different kinds of detecting techniques and methods which would allow for easier comparison and interpretation of results across studies as the subject is of global concern and despite the success of such methods there is a continuing need for sustained innovations. Thus, future work in this area will definitely prove to be a promising from both clinical as well as from forensic prospect.

The Vile Bodies Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Evelyn Waugh

The postwar England of the twenties and thirties was the setting of Evelyn Waugh’s first satirical novels, among which was the Vile Bodies. Waugh, an author mostly known for his highly satirical fiction, published his novel Vile Bodies in 1930 right in the middle of the time-period between the Great Wars. Because of the historical evens that occupied England at that time, much of British Literature of the late 1920’s and early 1930’s was concerned with the Modernist movement, which was occupied with the idea of individualism of the young generation. Through the use of prominent and yet highly satirical characters, Waugh strives to criticize his Modernist generation for its unsuccessful movement into Modernism, both on the individual and political/institutional level. He does so by defining his type-characters as ignorant, self-centered and hypocritical in their disastrous movement toward individualism. Through the use of satire, the issues presented by Waugh in Vile Bodies become greatly influenced by the time period in which the novel was written. Great Britain, in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s, was placed on the time line between the Great Wars. Thus, the novel’s placement in the history shifts its focus not only toward the emergence of the World War II but also on the depressed postwar economy of Britain at the time. Some of the most prominent ideas evolving during this period of time were embracive of the idea of change in areas such as religion, science, art, social rules, literature and economic and political conditions—changes that most often led to a feeling of â€Å"loss of community† (Wellman, 327). Because of the nature and the ongoing changes during this period the idea of modernism also played a major role in Britis... ...the importance placed on individualism. For, although he †blinkingly accepts whatever outrageous turn of fortune [he] may encounter† (Twayne, 43) he is still the only character that displays a feeling on emptiness and disillusionment about the constant search of amusement that is seen in all the other characters. Adam questions the generation’s way of living â€Å"do you ever feel that things simply can’t go on much longer† and states that he would â€Å"give anything in the world for something different† (Waugh, 273). Furthermore, he even goes as far as criticizing the never-ending parties and games as â€Å"succession and repetition of massed humanity†¦ those vile bodies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Waugh, 171). Although Adam seems to have glimpses of understanding the destruction that this generation is causing, nonetheless, he feels stuck in the vicious cycle that is created by this lifestyle.

Survive by Love, Faith and Will Essay -- History, Nazi Party, Jews

At the beginning of the 20th century, anti-Semitism became more serious. Germany began to isolate and eliminate Jews. When the Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, comes to power in 1933, he wanted to set up the perfect Nazi state. The Nazis wanted to stamp out any opposition to their rule, so they set up a system of concentration camps, death camps for holding people that they see as â€Å"undesirable†. Those â€Å"undesirables† were Jews. From 1933 to 1945, about six million Jews are murdered and it is called the Holocaust. The Holocaust is the greatest single case of mass murder in history and is difficult to ignore. After World War II, survivors of the Holocaust told their stories directly or wrote down what happened in the Holocaust. One of the famous writers is Elie Wiesel, a Noble Peace Prize winner in 1986 who wrote the novel Night based on his experience as a Holocaust survivor. Night is the record of Elie Wiesel’s memories of the Holocaust. This work of lit erature is about his experience with his father, Chlomo, in the Nazi concentration camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald between 1944 and 1945. Another book that effectively describes the theme of the Holocaust by Canadian poet Anne Michaels is Fugitive Pieces, for which she received many prizes such as, Orange Prize, Canadian Authors Association Award and so on. The Fugitive Piece tells the story of a seven-year old young boy Jakob Beer and his parents are murdered by Nazi soldiers and his sister, Bella, is abducted during the Holocaust in Poland. Jakob flees and is rescued by a Greece geologist Athos Roussos. Athos hides Jakob successfully in Greek, then at the end of war, they move to Toronto. Both characters though from different perspectives and stories Elie and Jakob’s experiences... ...him geography and language every day. Because of Athos strong will, Jakob finally goes out the room and back to life at the end of the war. Hence, Ellie and Athos' will to survive supports them and the people around them to live to see the end of the war. To sum up, World War II was the most destructive human endeavor in history. Battles were fought on every continent and involved more than sixty countries, affecting about three-quarters of the world’s population. Six million Jews were murdered by the Nazis. Although the memory of Holocaust has made the world more sensitive to genocide, it has a lasting impact on the Jewish people. Then both Night and Fugitive Pieces are two impressive books which allow readers glimpse at Holocaust, tell the world that even in the worst situations, love from families and friends, faith and will to live will encourage survivals.

The Remarkable Ayn Rand :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Remarkable Ayn Rand      Ã‚  "If a life can have a 'theme song' - and I believe that every worthwhile one has - mine is [best] expressed in one word: Individualism." (qtd. in ARI)   This quote from Ayn Rand can be applied to everything she did or thought during her life.   Born in St. Petersburg, Russia on February 2, 1905, Rand felt out of place in her native country.   She didn't agree with the prevailing ideas of mysticism and collectivism that formed the Russian government and society.   So at age 21, in 1926, she sailed to the United States.   It was in the US that Ayn Rand made a name for herself, and began a new philosophy that would affect people around the world.    Rand knew at age nine that she wanted to become a fiction writer.   What she didn't know was that her name would soon be known across the United States, as well as Europe, for her controversial novels.   Her first novel, We the Living, was published in 1936.   But it wasn't until 1945, with the arrival of The Fountainhead, that she won international fame.   Rand had established a reputation as a talented novelist and philosopher by the time Atlas Shrugged was first printed in 1957.   This work is considered by some to be her greatest achievement: an intellectual mystery story integrating ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, politics, economics, and sex.   It also formulated "a philosophy for living on earth" (qtd. in ARI), sometimes referred to as objectivism.   When she died on March 6, 1982 in her New York City apartment, she had sold over 20 million books.    Although Ayn Rand is known mostly for her writing, her career in the United States began in the film industry.   She left her relatives' home in Chicago to pursue a career as a screenwriter in Hollywood.   On her second day in the city, she was standing on a corner and was offered a ride by Cecil B. DeMille, a director.   He brought her to the set of his current film, The King of Kings, and gave her a job as an extra.   It was here, a week later, that she met actor Frank O'Connor, whom she married in 1929.   And although they were married for 50 years, Rand also had an 18 year relationship with Nathaniel Branden.

Health Care Communication Technology

Health care communication technology is rapidly advancing. New modes of communication in the health care arena are making it easier for the patient and the physician to communicate in a more effective manner. With the technological advancements that have taken place over the past decade, communication has evolved from handwritten charts to completely paperless electronic communication. Whereas before, correspondence could have taken days or weeks, information can now be transmitted in a matter of seconds.The implementation of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) has allowed patients to be involved in their health care, the system enables physicians to record patient histories, enter orders, display test results, write prescriptions, and print patient instructions and educational materials (Makoul, G. , Curry, R. , & Tang, P. 2001). The electronic medical record is much more efficient to the patient; the patient no longer has to wait until the report is filed in chart to obtain results.It allows the patients information to be securely accessed by the physician and shared with a specialist for consultation. With access to vital information such as diagnosis, allergies, medications, treatments, and other medical information the patient is able to participate and be accountable for their health care needs. In 1996, The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) were created to ensure privacy and confidentiality of patient’s medical information.The Administrative Simplification provisions of HIPAA were designed to improve the quality of health care and simplify the management of health information. Because the potential for identity theft is increasing with web-based programs, the importance of maintaining confidentiality is critical. One aspect relating to the values and importance of maintaining patient confidentiality when using EMR is trust.Despite concerns regarding breaches of confidentiality and computer systems,  patient feel that if th ey can trust their physician, then they would trust the provider with their medical information, as well as its storage and use in a computer network (Whetten-Goldstein, Nguyen, and Sugarman, 2001). Although there are many different modes of communication between the patient and the physician, such as email, texting, web based forums or electronic medical records all have the same thing in common, that is interaction between the patient and the physician. EMR is unique in that it offers features that lead to increased patient safety.Many of the other forms of communication do not have a continuous safety feature that EMR has. The overall safety of patients through reduced medical mistakes, built in reminders and alerts, the detection of potential drug interactions, it makes errors more difficult for physicians to commit (Spratt, A. D. and Dickson, K. E. 2008). Media and social networking has changed communication in health care. Information is accessed and shared in a matter of seco nds from all over the world. â€Å"The internet providesmarketers and consumers with opportunities for much greater interaction and individualization† (Kotler, Shalowitz, & Stevens, 2008, p. 463). Social networking holds considerable potential value for how patients research their health care issues. If a patient is looking for others with the same medical condition, they can find support and share their findings with anyone around the world. Many organizations are creating Facebook pages to market services they provide, introduce new staff, give news updates, or advertise new products.This type of social networking caters to the younger generation that prefers searching the web over reading an ad in a newspaper or magazine. As technology becomes accessible to most people, printed advertisement will be seen as a nuisance rather than a form of communication. Advancing technologies in health care are increasing, allowing information to be accessed in a matter of seconds. The me dia and social networking that allows organizations to communicate with consumer has become individualized to their needs.Organizations must use these tools to encourage communication by inviting suggestions, questions or even complaints via the website from consumers. Communication in health care has benefited from this technology; it has improved the interaction between the patient and the physician. Communication modes used in health care are reducing the risk of errors and increasing workflow. Electronic medical records offers features that lead to increased patient safety, including fewer medical mistakes, the detection of potential drug interactions, and improved maintenance of chronic conditions.

Marketing Plan Phase III

Panera Bread would like to announce a new cyber-cafe available at all locations. This product has been upgraded to assist the growing desire for a full service Internet accessibility location. A plan consisting of four-phases has been developed to market the new product. Currently most locations provide free wireless Internet access to their customer base. Panera has the biggest free wireless network in the USA. During the peak hours of business the customers’ will have a limit amount of time to use the Internet; the time limit is 30-60 minutes (Absolute Astronomy, 2011). However with the upgrade the locations will not have to limit the number of computers or a time limit. Phase One – Upgrade the Internet accessibility at all Panera Bread locations †¢ Development of product – One in three households has never used a computer. 18% of American households do not own a computer or have Internet access (Absolute Astronomy, 2011). SWOTT – An analysis of the cyber-cafe will find the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and trends in the market. †¢ Market Research – Panera Bread will distribute a survey to the company’s customer base that will lead to a better understanding of the consumer’s needs for Internet accessibility. Phase Two – Marketing to Consumers †¢ Target Market – Consumers between the age of 18-50 †¢ Consumers – Consumers want to access the Internet for various reasons such as keeping in touch with family, friends, accessing research data, and more. Competitors – Knowing the possible competitors and what they will offer. Phase Three – Expectations of the New Cyber-cafe †¢ Attributes –A larger server and reasonably priced cycle – Expected product life cycle for the cyber-cafe will be approximately 10 years. The reaction expected from competitors will cause a high incentive to duplicate Panera’s new era of cyber-cafes. †¢ Strategy and Price – The basic strategy is to provide a need to the consumers of Pan era Bread. The services cost will be in a price range that everyone can afford. Phase Four – Launching the cyber-cafe * The new improved sever to handle the increase in volume * The product will be put into 10 different locations for testing the new service. With the company following the four-phase plan, the management has high expectations for the cyber-cafe’s success. Panera Bread does not expect the service to start declining for at least six years.

Information Security Fundamentals Essay

Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences. 1. How does a false positive alarm differ from a false negative one? From a security perspective, which is least desirable? A false positive attack is where the system IDPS was alarmed but no attack ever occurred. The false negative is where an actual attack occurs and the IDPS isn’t alarmed at all. The least desirable would definitely be the false negative, if an attack does occur and the IDPS doesn’t even alarm well what’s the point in even having it if it isn’t going to alarm. 2. What is a honeypot? How is it different from a honeynet? A honeypot is a decoy system that will lure potential hackers away from the networks critical systems. A honeynet is where the system subnet is constantly changing and it lures attackers away by redirecting the the subsystems that are rich in information. 3. What capabilities should a wireless security toolkit include? Definitely should be able sniff incoming packets, scan the wireless hosts, and be able to view the level of privacy. Keeping an eye on vulnerability is a must because wireless networks can be a little easier to breach especially if the right security measures are not implemented. 4. A key feature of hybrid IDPS systems is event correlation. After researching event correlation online, define the following terms as they are used in this process: compression, suppression, and generalization. Compression is when it will take several occurrences and will examine it multiple duplicates. Suppression is where the IDPS will just alert you if something major has happened instead of it just triggering off something simple it will still let you know that something triggered it. Associates alarms with higher leveled events, can be useful when corresponding with multiple failed ports. 5. ZoneAlarm is a PC-based firewall and IDPS tool. Visit the product manufacturer at www.zonelabs.com, and find the product specification for the  IDPS features of ZoneAlarm. Which of the ZoneAlarm products offer these features? 6. Using the Internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What classification systems and descriptions are used, and how can these be used to compare the features and components of each IDPS? Create a comparison spreadsheet identifying the classification systems you find. 7. Use the Internet to find vendors of thumbprint and iris scanning tools. Which of these tools is more economical? Which of these is least intrusive? 8. There are several online passphrase generators available. Locate at least two of them on the Internet, and try them out. What did you observe?

Childhood by Alice Walker

In Alice Walker’s essay â€Å"Childhood† she tells her daughter about traditions. Traditions are defined as the handing down of statements, beliefs, legends, customs, information, etc. , from generation to generation, especially by word of mouth or by practice. Walker uses the harvest to tell the story of traditions, and how she learned the traditions. She was taught traditions by her family trough their work habit. Her family worked on a farm when she was a child, and passed those traditions on to her. Walker uses potatoes as an example of the harvest. She asked her daughter if â€Å"she knew what potatoes looked like when they were dug out of the ground†. Walker’s daughter was unsure what the potatoes looked like, so Walker decided she would show her the next morning before heading back to the city. Her daughter thought that watching her mother dig the potatoes out of the ground was extraordinary. Then Walker started thinking of her childhood, and the enthusiasm that went along with what she is teaching her daughter. She says â€Å"When I think of childhood at its best, it is of this magic that I think†. She then goes on to talk about how amazing her family was by saying â€Å"Of having a family that daily worked with nature to produce the extraordinary†. She puts a lot of emphasis on the word â€Å"magic† and how being in the country is magical. I can relate with Walker when she says that the country is magical because I too am from the country. Being in the city I don’t feel as free as I want to. In the country I am able to do more of what I want. In the country, everything is fresher, I can see the stars, and everyone around me is friendly. I think Walker wants to pass on the traditions that she learned from her family on to her daughter, so she can pass them on to her children.

Turnover Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Turnover - Research Paper Example = $ 2,059,200+ $ 187,200 = $ 2,246,400 The Administrative staff Turn Over Cost: 1- Administration turnover per year = 2 2- Number of Interviews to be conducted for one Administrative staff recruitment = 2* 3 = 6 3- Time taken in each interview = 45 min + 20 min = 65 min per interview 4- Total time required to be spent on Administrative staff turn over interviews = number of interviews * time of interview * hourly cost of interview = 6* [65/60] * $ 18 = $ 117 5- Total cost of Administration Staff for the University of Mellencamp = Hourly rate payment + Benefits + turn over cost = $ 2,059,200+ $ 187,200 + $ 117 = $ 2,246,517 Cost of Support Staff: Assumption: The working hours for an employee of the University of Mellencamp are 8 hours per day and the University works 5 days per week. e. Present Support Staff = 1200 f. Number of working hours in a week = 40 g. Therefore, working hours in a year of 52 weeks = 52*40 = 2080 hours h. So, cost of Support Staff to University of Mellencamp = Hours of work * Hourly rate* number of Support Staff = 2080 * $ 12 * 1200 = $ 29,952,000 (ii) Benefits to Support Staff = 2080 * $ 5* 1200 = $ 12,480,000 (iii) Cost of Support Staff = Payment of Hourly rate + Payment of benefits = $ 29,952,000 + $ 12,480,000= $ 42,432,000 The Support Staff Turn Over Cost for the University of Mellencamp 5- Support Staff turnover per year = 65 6- Number of Interviews to be conducted for one Support Staff recruitment = 65*2 = 130 7- Time taken in each interview = 45 min + 20 min = 65 min per interview 8- Total time required to be spent on Support Staff turn over interviews = number of interviews * time of interview * hourly cost of interview = 130* [65/60] * $ 18 = $ 2,535 5- Total...If more details of University courses being taught are made available it could help the decision making more viable. The above being the actual turnover position of the University of Mellencamp it is essential that the institution has to rethink on the points arrived as recommendations above. The activities of the institution will become cost effective only if radical changes are implemented with immediate effect.

Bhagavad Gita or The Divine Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bhagavad Gita or The Divine Song - Essay Example A majority of the sacred texts or scriptures have been composed in the Sanskrit language and are commonly classified into two classes, Sruti and Smriti. Sruti means that which has been heard. Vedas which are the earliest record of the Hindu scriptures belong to this class. Hindu texts other than the Shrutis are collectively called the Smritis which means "memory". The most notable among the Smritis are the epics such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The Bhagavad Gita is a part of the Mahabharata can be considered as belonging to the Smriti class. On the other hand, many consider Gita as a Sruti because its contents are quite ancient and have been taken from the Upanishads. In fact, the Bhagavad Gita is also known as the Gitopanishad. Incidentally, in Ch. 4 of the Gita there is a mention about the knowledge in the Gita being very ancient and traditionally being transmitted orally, implying that Gita is a Sruti. The Bhagavad Gita is one of the most sacred scriptures and for Hindus, it is an authoritative work on the fundamental philosophy of Hinduism. Scriptures can be defined as texts that are considered sacred by religions and are of central importance to religions. Many religions believe that scriptures are texts that have been inspired by the divine. Bhagavad Gita is a scripture if you consider these parameters. It is sacred to the Hindus; it is an inspirational dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna. It is central to Hindu philosophy. The Gita has two main topics: yoga-sastra and brahma-vidya.

Are Criminals Born with More Y Chromosomes Research Paper

Are Criminals Born with More Y Chromosomes - Research Paper Example However, it becomes something of interest to know that some individual are not moved by such sights. An individual can withstand the act of butchering a fellow human being to death. Some of the criminals always perform ugly operations on their victims. They cut off the body into pieces, as though the person were some kind of an animal being slaughtered for a meal. Others cannot just stop committing crimes. A person would be arrested and imprisoned for a long time only to be released to go back to the same crimes. Others would continue with their criminal acts even when in prison. Goldstein (34) says that it is more often that a person would murder another without the intent to do so. It could be a situation where the two are fighting (for such physical fights are very common and a normal way of expressing the utmost anger) and one hits the other in a delicate part and kills him in the process. This would be considered as an accident and a court of law may charge it as manslaughter in stead of murder. However, cold blood murderers are just beyond normal human beings. This paper seeks to investigate the claim that criminals are born with more Y chromosomes which is the cause for their behavior. After a scholarly research, Goldstein (57) notes that some people are born with more Y chromosomes. This chromosome is always the determinant of the male sex. There are occasions where an individual would be born with more of this chromosome, causing some form of disorder. Male are naturally the more aggressive gender. They have the urge to be the best and they would use any means, including such aggressive acts as forcing their way against the set laws, to achieve what they feels they feel they should achieve. This characteristic is associated with the Y chromosome. Ciba Foundation Symposium (44) reports that Carl Panzram, one of the most dreaded serial killers, had an extra Y chromosome. Scientists agree that an extra Y chromosome contributes to innate aggressiveness. Thi s is a condition that may be hard to control in some instances. Such individuals would easily find themselves in physical fights especially when another individual tries to challenge a position they feel is rightfully theirs. This scholar notes that at times this action is always by impulse. Just like someone would not prevent a sneeze, and it happens even when we would want to restrain it, serial killers and other serial criminals find themselves committing crimes against their wishes. A study by Ciba Foundation Symposium (47) shows that prisons around the world have more men than women. It is would therefore be true to give such a hypothesis as, ‘men have more tendency to commit crime than women do.’ Genetically, a man has an X and a Y chromosome and a woman an X and X chromosome. When one sex proves to be more aggressive than the other, then it would be due to this difference in chromosomal composition. As researchers universally agree that the Y chromosome cause som e tendency of aggression in man, it would be probable that their aggression is caused by the presence of the extra Y chromosome. If men with a normal chromosomal composition of one Y chromosome tend to be more aggressive than a woman, then the extra chromosome in some men (two Y chromosomes instead of one) would make them act in a manner that would be considered criminal within the society. The justification of criminal acts as being caused by genetic composition of an

Main Messages Conveyed to the Indians by Clarks Address Essay - 2

Main Messages Conveyed to the Indians by Clarks Address - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the language Clark uses in addressing the Indians is significant. He refers to them as â€Å"children†. This was done to establish a position of authority over them. He indicates that the Great Chief would take care of them, just like a father would care for his child, but only if they are obedient to the Great Chief. In modern times, this type of speech would be considered very demeaning if directed from one culture to another. In defense of Clark, he probably was mimicking the type of speech he thought the Indians would understand and react to in a positive manner. The researcher states that some of the Indians probably did react in a positive way to Clark’s message. The lure of more luxury items and better housing would have been a great incentive for some Indians. But other Indians would have been resistant to the message. Not all Indian cultures were the same. Some place a greater value on acts of bravery and warfare t han on having luxury items. They would have probably rejected the offer to visit with the Great Chief. President Jackson justifies the removal of the Cherokee Nation to the lands west of the Mississippi River in several ways. He argues that this removal will be good for the United States and the Cherokee Nation. It will be good for the Cherokee Nation because it will allow them to be free of the control of the states. They will be removed to lands that they can inhabit and call their own. They will be able to run their own governments, practice their own traditional religion and preserve their culture from destruction by the white man. He also argues that the Indians will benefit because the government is going to pay for the entire cost of their resettlement. He goes on to state that through philanthropy, the United States had attempted to help their tribes, but they would not respond to the help.

ASSIGNMENT 5 PLAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 PLAY - Assignment Example Therefore I gather a few of my friends and decided to play cricket. The game is usually played with twenty two players with eleven players on both sides. We however made teams of four and it made it much more exciting. On the second play day I decided to play soccer. Due to the world cup fever small groups in our society regularly play soccer these days. I decided to become part of their training session. We tried a few free kicks and penalties. Answer: As mentioned the first play day was based on cricket. The teams were much smaller and there was no padding. Therefore the players were in a lighter mood altogether. In nature it is a very competitive game but due to a smaller number of players it became much friendlier. It really felt good hitting the ball over the top. There was no motivation to win or defeat our opponents. Most rules were made spontaneously along the way. On the second play date it was a training session and I was a rookie therefore there was no pressure. The other players applauded and laughed at my each short it was all fun. A couple of time the goal let my ball in willingly just to have a good laugh. Answer: To understand anything in life one has to be in their shoes. This is why I think learning to play is an important part of being a parent. Most parents force their children to spend extra time in study or work. I for once have felt the joy of the game and know that no amount of success in life can match the freedom of playing on the field. Answer: The responsibilities in life had a different perspective as I reflect now after my experience. There are no reasons that life can not fun. For example in a game you have to score a goal but you do it without worry or pressure. Similarly I think that one should not try to run away from the responsibilities of life but in fact learn to enjoy them. Answer: The play days really gave me mental freshness and agility. One back home I was eager to move from my couch and get work done. This shows

Media, Public Opinion Campaigns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media, Public Opinion Campaigns - Essay Example 2(John Street, 2010) There is no denial that media play a significant role in forming opinions of the public. Ever since its inception media has been a powerful tool in shaping and molding people’s perception but with the current mushroom growth of mass media its importance has increased manifolds. The outburst of internet has fueled it further taking it to new heights. Every individual now has access to loads of information and that too is so easily available just .a click away. It has not only increased the role of media but also increased the importance of the opinion of the people. Now public opinion matters in almost all walks of life even in important policy decisions. Public opinion matters most in politics. This growth in mass media has made individuals very opinionated now we have opinions about almost everything and that too is an informed one. Now the question arises what is the role of media with special reference to politics. Does it in any way have undermined the role of political parties in electoral campaigns? Media is forming opinion about whom persons, policies, activities or political parties? What role political parties play in elections? Are they still important? Do individual personalities have no role to play in elections? If they are also important then what is more dominating political parties or individual personalities or other factors such as media etc? This research paper is based in finding answers to all these questions. 3(Walter Lipmann, 2007) The political parties and elections in the advanced democratic world which consist of mainly of industrialist countries actually provide a relative investigation of the ways through which these democracies standardize the actions of political parties in... As the discussion presents there is no denial that media play a significant role in forming opinions of the public. Ever since its inception media has been a powerful tool in shaping and molding people’s perception but with the current mushroom growth of mass media its importance has increased manifolds. The outburst of internet has fueled it further taking it to new heights. Every individual now has access to loads of information and that too is so easily available just .a click away. It has not only increased the role of media but also increased the importance of the opinion of the people. Now public opinion matters in almost all walks of life even in important policy decisions. Public opinion matters most in politics. This growth in mass media has made individuals very opinionated now we have opinions about almost everything and that too is an informed one.      The essay highlights that  the political parties and elections in the advanced democratic world which consi st of mainly of industrialist countries actually provide a relative investigation of the ways through which these democracies standardize the actions of political parties in elections. These countries provide the best source because of their long history of democracy. An analysis of the actual electoral process in these countries revealed that yes political parties do play an important role and is a crucial actor in electoral process. But the extent to which political parties are recognized as important factor and the extent of regulation vary from country to country.  

Critiqueexhibition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critiqueexhibition - Essay Example Overall, the exhibition proved to be a pleasant display: very pleasing to the eyes and deserving of the audience's awe. The "Stylized Sculpture" exhibition does not use plaques or other writings to describe the works of art displayed. Rather, they have carefully placed black and white photographs of the fashions to show the true art form found within the garments; then mannequins are used to display the fashions near the photos. The surrounding walls are blank from text, colors, or other pictures. In their stead, the audience is given a brochure to explain each piece of art and fashion. These brochures include information about the fashion - such as the designer - as well as a detailed description of the accompanying work of art. The fashions appear in order of their design, from 1983 to 2007. The use of lighting on the mannequins helps emphasize the lines and forms of the fashions as displayed by Sugimoto's photographs. This brilliant use of lighting and lack of distracting materials made this exhibit unique and attention grabbing. My attention was drawn to exactly what the artist wished me to see: the form and sculptural essence apparent in Japanese fashions. The lighting used for this exhibition was carefully placed both to make the photographs easy to view and to enhance the shadows and forms of the fashions on the mannequins.