Juvenile Recidivism in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Recidivism in the United States - Essay Example This research tells that the examination of juvenile crime and procedures has hitherto focused on the flows of the justice processes and the psychology of minor criminals. This has shown that juveniles tend to re-offend within four years of their earlier offense and when the arrests were caused by drug issues, the likelihood of being arrested again increased up to 70%. Research has supported this finding of re-arrest among juveniles statistically, however, the literature review above has pointed out that such data is mainly limited to first arrests through January 2005 and does not take into account the arrests for different offenses occurring when the criminal was in custody. Research also shows that re-arrest rates vary in different boroughs and there is also a higher rate of juvenile offending among males as compared to females. Imprisoning young offenders in adult prisons also appears to be compounding the problem of juvenile recidivism. Juveniles are apprehended for serious crim es such as murder, aggravated assault, robbery and rape as well as less serious offenses such as violation of drug laws, lewd acts or copulation. The rationale offered for a commission of such crimes is their association with adult male prisoners. Since they are raped by adult criminals during their initial prison terms, these juveniles seek to wreak vengeance by committing sex crimes after their release from prison. The Sentencing Guidelines Commission of Washington, in an annual report on recidivism, suggests that juveniles experience pleasure while committing crimes, which is why they repeat them. A major part of a juvenile criminal activity in centered within sexual acts such as rape, sodomy, etc, suggesting that the pleasure in the sexual act is the motivating factor. The comforts such as food and shelter offered at prisons also function as an impediment to the deterrent value of the prisons, hence it may be necessary to consider improving the punitive atmosphere and beefing up the punitive aspect of existing prison programs.

The Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

The Kite Runner Essay During the late 70s early 80s there was a strong disagreement between races in Afghanistan. In particular the Pashtun and the Hazarah. Two forms of the same religion but with only 1 difference. The Pashtun were higher up in the community than the Hazarah. The Pashtun were considered clean and fit to rule because they were primarily of pure descent unlike the Hazarah (Pashtun encyclopedia Britannica page 2). The Hazarah were looked down upon because they are usually of mixed families and were considered below the Pashtun (joshuaproject. net page 1-3). ?As the higher ups the Pashtun were wealthier and had more friends in the higher up chain of command in the Afghani government. They had servants who were normally Hazarah. The Hazarah were lower in class and used their labor to make a living by becoming servants to the Pashtun. Like Hassan was to Amir and Baba. ?Amir the main character and novel narrator is of the Pashtun religion and because of this he is accustomed to having the things he wants handed to him on a silver platter. The only things Amir feels deprived of is a deep connection both emotionally and figuratively with his father Baba. He blames it on himself because he is so different than Baba in so many ways. He also feels responsible for the death of his mother who died during Amir’s birth (muse. jhu. edu page 1-5) ? Hassan who is Amir’s best friend is of the Hazarah religion and is a lower class than Amir and the Pashtun. Amir overlooks this fact and is a loyal friend to Hassan until Hassan gets raped and Amir didn’t do anything to stop it or help him. After Hassan gets raped something changed in Amir. He began to feel guilty and his guilt began eating away at him. He became a total jerk to Hassan and Hassan had no idea why (Hazara encyclopedia Britannica page 1-3). ?Some of Amir’s guilt is directed towards Hassan who receives Baba’s affection instead of Amir. Amir feels that Hassan (a Hazarah and one of his family’s servants) is beneath him and shouldn’t be getting Baba’s affection as much as he is. ?Baba sees Amir as a coward when he is a boy. Amir lets Hassan fight all his battles for him which is why in my opinion Hassan gets more of the affection from Baba. Baba wishes that Amir would learn to fight his own battles from Hassan and ultimately grow a backbone and become more of a man that Baba wants him to become. Although its hard to see in some parts of the novel, religion is always present. Whether it be the beginning of the novel where Amir and Hassan are flying kites or it be at the middle where Amir and Baba are traveling to America. Once in America Baba and Amir began to bond more and ultimately become as close as they wanted to be for a very long time. Baba falls ill after Amir graduates from college. Baba’s last great act before his death is he (on Amir’s behalf) asks for an Afghani general’s daughter’s hand in marriage. Amir then marries her right before Baba’s death. After Baba’s death Amir focuses on his writing the stories he came up with. Once his first novel gets published he gets a call from Baba’s friend back in Afghanistan and he asks Amir to come back to the land of his childhood and take care of him. Amir agrees and travels back to Afghanistan (the kite runner page 194). Once back he meets Baba’s friend and he learns that Hassan wrote him a letter shortly before his murder at the hands of the Taliban. Amir learns that Hassan was actually his brother and that Hassan had a son that got sent away to an orphanage after his murder and it became Amir’s duty to go and find Hassan’s son. ?As Amir takes on the challenge of tracking down Hassan’s son he travels all over Afghanistan until he finally finds where the boy is. Amir talks to the man who took Hassan’s son and saw that he was using the boy for his own entertainment by attaching bells to his hands and feet and made him dance. (the kite runner page 278) The reason why the man is making Hassan’s son dance it to assert his authority and put the Hazarah boy in his place below the man who now is his guardian before Amir gets ahold of him (Hazarah encyclopedia Britannica page 1).

Double-Consciousness in Audre Lorde’s Coal Essay -- Audre Lorde Coal E

Double-Consciousness in Audre Lorde’s â€Å"Coal† There is a double-consciousness, according to W.E Burghardt Du Bois, in which we view ourselves through a veil. Underneath of this veil is the true self. The person that we are in our purest state. The veil itself, however, is how society sees us and our realization of that projection. Looking in a mirror, both layers can be seen. However, the true self is still covered, muddled, unclear beneath the sheer outer shell of expectation. In her poem â€Å"Coal†, Audre Lorde alludes to this concept through the dual image of a piece of coal and a diamond. As a black woman, Lorde only transforms from coal to diamond when she embraces her blackness as coal and, ironically, rejects the societal pressure to conform by speaking her words and embracing that she is black and coal. In the beginning, Lorde equates herself with a piece of coal. She says that she is â€Å"the total black†(2068). As a piece of coal, she is black both inside and out. Being outwardly black, she may still be oppressed by the society around her, her identity being engulfed by the world. In the state of coal, she is merely â€Å"being spoken from the earth’s inside†(2068). Words would be stifled by the surrounding layers of dirt that engulf her. As coal, Lorde is susceptible to the double-consciousness described by Dubois. The poem begins with an â€Å"I†, and continues in the second line to say â€Å"is the total black†(2068). She separates herself from the total black here, indicating that her true self is not necessarily within that â€Å"total black†(2068). She also separates herself from the bad grammar associated with illiteracy that characterizes many black communities. The total black, is not Lorde herself, but in fact,... ...ry occurs when Lorde says â€Å"At this point in time, I believe that women carry within ourselves the possibility for fusion of these two approaches so necessary for survival, and we come closest to this combination in our poetry† (Lorde 2210). Thus, through further exploration of Lorde as a person, new insight is given to the poem â€Å"Coal†. The poem also inadvertently raises questions about other poems when upheld as an example for comparison to elucidate Lorde’s feelings about double-consciousness. This greater understanding and discourse on the subject of double-consciousness is vital to understanding the poem â€Å"Coal† because it is vital to the identity of Audre Lorde as a person. Since her writing is almost exclusively and scrutinizingly about herself, learning about the broader topics and events in Lorde’s life are intrinsic to the specific poem of â€Å"Coal†.

Elie Wiesel: A Survivor of the Holocaust Essay -- Germany German Histo

Elie Wiesel: A Survivor of the Holocaust Elie Wiesel wrote in a mystical and existentialistic manner to depict his life as a victim of the holocaust in his many novels. Such selections as ‘Night’ and ‘The Trial of God’ reveal the horrors of the concentration camps and Wiesel's true thoughts of the years of hell that he encountered. This hell that Wiesel wrote about was released later in his life due to his shock, sadness, and disbelief. Elie Wiesel spoke in third person when writing his stories. Unlike other Holocaust stories, Wiesel gave not only the facts but also the horrific and realistic feelings of a victim in the camps. All of Elie Wiesel’s novels were based on his life. At the age of 15, Eliezer Wiesel and his family were placed into concentration camps in Auschwitz. Wiesel accompanied his family for most of the time in the camps. He parted from his mother and sister Tzipora early in life and lived with his father during the years of the Holocaust. During his time in the concentration camps, Wiesel endured tons of pain. When he first reached the concentration camp Eliezer Wiesel witnessed the most disturbing thing. Tons of babies were being thrown into the air and shot to death. â€Å"As they marched closer and closer to the ditch, Eliezer decided that rather then let himself be thrown into the fire, he would try to break away and throw himself against the electrified fence that surrounded the camp.† (Pariser 23) It was at that point that Elie and his father knew that they were going to experience the worst years of their life. On April 11, 1945, the two were free from the concentration camp. He was silent for many years and chose not to spea k of his suffering. Eventually he spoke and made a pact that he would never be silent again. Eliezer Wiesel stated, "And that is why I swore never to be silent whenever and wherever human beings endure suffering and humiliation.† (Pariser 40) And Mr. Wiesel wasn’t. Among those novels that Wiesel wrote, the one that captured the most attention was Night. Night was one of Eliezer Wiesel’s greatest novels. Night is the true story of his experiences in the concentration camps. Some of the main characters in Night were real people in Wiesel’s life. Wiesel is called by his first name Elie in this story. In the beginning of the story, Elie speaks of his Jewish mysticism teacher Moshe the Beadle who is a poor Jew i... ...that some credit Night as the book that altered the attitudes of people in America about the Holocaust. Work Cited Page Lang, Anson. â€Å"A Conversation With Elie Wiesel.† Bold Type 2 Jan. 1999. 17 Mar. 2002 Marowski, Daniel G. â€Å"Elie(zer) Wiesel.† Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume 37. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1986. Pages 449, 450. Mass, Wendy. Readings On Night. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2000. Pages 13-24. Pariser, Michael. Elie Wiesel. Brookfield: The Millbook Press, 1994. Riemer, Jack. â€Å"Miracle of Friendship and Hope.† Commonweal. May 25, 1979: Page 316-318; excerpted and reprinted in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Volume 37. Daniel Marowski. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1986. Pages 451, 452. Schuman, Michael A. Elie Wiesel: Voice From the Holocaust. Hillside: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1994. Pages 23-25. Stern, Ellen Norman. Elie Wiesel: A Voice for Humanity. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1996. Wiesel, Elie. And the Sea is Never Full. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999. Page 12. Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York: Bantam Books, 1960. Wiesel, Elie. The Night Trilogy. New York: The Noonday Press, 1985.

Mixed Media Art Essay

Several pieces ranging from sculpture, mix media and physical objects, all the collections of two artists Bergstedt and Ritter, both very well known artists in the San Francisco area came to Merced College art gallery on February 20, 2013. Both artists show there visual characteristics that define their artistic style. At first glance the room reminded me of a childlike setting where everything is just spread across the room instead of being carefully organized. The imagery of these works is cartoonish, childlike, simple and one dimensional. As one walks into the gallery, it feels like one enters a funhouse filled with colorful and whimsical wall sculptures. â€Å"More things to do† and â€Å"Following the Tread â€Å", were among the favorites of visual art work that I admired. Ritter’s ability to portray the dynamic relationships she has with her family relationships: parents and children, and members of her own family, drew me to her art work. She was able to show through her vintage brownie dress a turbulent yet inspirational personal life that included having to do daily household chorus that a child of her era was intended and expected to do by telling a story of her family through hand embroidery. I viewed the long orange tie demonstrated a vigorous working young girl, whose work was never and still needs to be done like a long an endless tapestry of her life. Looking at the maternity piece hanging in the corner of the room was truly my most favorite piece, I couldn’t help but take my eyes off of the picture and felt her sense of how much she loved her son. She explained to me that the Dr. told her that back in those days it was not good for the baby to sleep with you in your bed, and how she was portraying the anguish and guilt of not having her son close to her during those times. To me this piece lets me see her pieces through her eyes and takes me to a more spiritual and memorable time in her life. All of her sculptures of pregnant women offered no clear opinions or solutions. But, in retrospect, Ritter’s Pregnancy endures as both a portrait of a person and a picture of a time. After talking with Mrs. Ritter she clarified what I was thinking, that her art wor k is a visual like storytelling of her life’s family stories by using hand embroidery to stitching, appliquà ©ÃŒ , photo transfer & mixed media on vintage books & clothing, some of which she said she inherited. Moving on I came across some of Marie Bergstedt artistry, â€Å"Summer† the piece next to the open door was very playful and whimsical, the way she used buttons to portray a women like figure as if she was covered in sea shells on a hot a muggy day ready for some sun and beach. â€Å"Telephone tales† a visual colorful artwork of buttons and crocheting was inspired by her foster mother. â€Å"Girl and Milk Can† was a delightful its fibers were Cotton threads, buttons, beads, polyester velour, leather, manufactured felt, wire, polyester stuffing, and the young girl sat on antique milk can reminded me of the days growing up on a dairy and as a young girl just trying to find a place to sit. Although I found most of the artwork to be visual stimulating and eye catching I was taken back with the one shirt that hung in the corner of the room. I was not a big fan of it, I felt as if it was just a basic old shirt that hung in closet for years. For me this piece did not come at me or have any magical qualities as all of the other pieces did. Talking with Marie Bergstedt and Roz Ritter you can get a feel of what their lives must have been like. From there intricate pieces of a sculpture that were from torn and degenerated antique pieces along with new fibers, wire, and button you can visually see these two women sitting and sculpturing there pieces. When I first saw Marie Bergstedt and Roz Ritter artwork, I thought I was looking at collage on lace. Only closer inspection showed that what I perceived as crochet and cutwork was actually hand drawings. Roz also fills the white space of her drawings with collage elements and sometimes pierces the paper with needlepoint pricks, a crafting tradition that goes back to the early 19th century. Mixed media artists create visual works of art using a variety of tools and substances, frequently moving well beyond the traditional. Surfaces and substances found in mixed media artwork include typical artistic implements but expand to non-traditional materials. Mixed media art comes in multiple forms, including collage, assemblage, photomontage, and sculpture. Many mixed media projects are layered, making foundation and timing two of the most important considerations for mixed media artists. Themes of vintage needlecraft and women and their societal roles are woven throughout the artist’s work. It feels as if you are connecting to the past.

Violence in Movie Theaters Essay Example

Violence in Movie Theaters Essay Example Violence in Movie Theaters Essay Violence in Movie Theaters Essay Essay Topic: The Godfather Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Violence in Movie Theaters Adams Mike. Batman movie massacre a reflection of violent video games, TSA violence against citizens and psychiatric drugging of young white men. Natural News. Accessed on 25 September 2012. Retrieved from naturalnews.com/036535_Batman_massacre_shooting.html Summary The shootings at the cinema hall in Colorado were the work of a medical student; James Holmes who had psychotic problems brought new questions about the content that the media were exposing to the public. Wearing a costume similar to the evil character Bane in the film â€Å"The Dark Knight Rises†, Holmes managed to kill 12 moviegoers and scare hundreds of other viewers. The best explanation of the incident was given by a doctor who claimed that Holmes was on psychiatric drugs. As a result, his behavior closely resembled that of the 1999 shooters in a Columbine high school. Violent video games were also cited as being part of the causative agent in the rise of aggressive behavior among young men. Assessment Most disturbed young men were permanently on psychiatric drugs that helped them lead a sane life. The detached behavior of randomly shooting people in a cinema hall is a side effect of exposure to severe violence and suicidal tendencies that were worsened by the constant attachment to violent games such as Batman, Mortal Combat or other fighting games. The mainstream media has also failed in the efforts to curb unnecessary exposure of the public to violence that may cause them to act in a manner similar to what they see on the silver screen. These violent young men also showed signs of depression, anger and suicide in their behavior. Reflection Young men are easily influenced by what they see and hear in the cinemas. I would propose that the media stakeholders should desist from embracing violence as a good thing and instead focus on reducing the effects of the violence on the society. In addition, those individuals who are on psychiatric drugs should be closely monitored by their immediate family members in order to ensure that they do not spiral out of control. The issue of gun laws should also be raised, and especially the access that young or mentally troubled individuals have to these weapons. Cieply Michael. A studio with violence in its bones. The New York Times. Accessed on 25 September 2012. Retrieved from nytimes.com/2012/07/26/movies/warner-brothers-and-its-decades-of-violent-films.html Summary Warner Studio has produced many action films for over six decades but their focus has been on producing action films. The latest report of violent activity that was related to the Warner studios happened when the â€Å"Dark Knight Rises† was being launched by Warner. The movie was marked by a deadly shooting by an overzealous psychotic fan of Batman. Within the same week, Warner decided to postpone the launching of another movie â€Å"Gangster Squad† which was a hard edge film that portrayed the crime and activity between the police and mobsters within Los Angeles. Assessment The trailers for the movie â€Å"Gangster Squad† showed a group of mobsters shooting inside a movie theater. The trailer might have been the reason why the shooting happened during the launch of the Dark Knight. The people who had access to the trailer most probably saw how the shooting took place and this planted the idea of performing a shootout in a cinema hall. When the public went to watch the premiere of the Dark Knight Rises, the shooter had a similar opportunity to relive what he saw in the trailer. The Warner Company also had a problem between maintaining business volumes and providing the public with violence-free content. Reflection The Warner Company has produced many films with the violence them and the effect of their films could be contributing toward the increased violence in America. In my opinion, the Warner Company was squarely responsible for the shooting that took place in the cinema hall. The responsibility of demonstrating acts of violence should also come with an additional liability that the intended audience should be warned of the consequences of watching these violent scenes. This would be similar to warnings on medication or even alcoholic beverages on the potential harm of the consumption of these products. Johnson H. John. Who should be blamed for the violence at movie theaters? Jet. Accessed on 25 September 2012. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.ke/books/jet Summary The article was written in 1991 when a myriad of violence erupted at the cinema halls where moviegoers had gone to watch the movie New Jack City. The movie featured gangsters and other criminal activities, violence and drug trafficking. The movie triggered rowdiness among the youth who did not manage to get a ticket to the premiere launching. The scuffles also claimed the lives of three police officers. The producers of the film claimed that they made anti-violence and anti-drug statements before the movie was shown. Warner Bros. Company was also involved in providing the security at the cinema halls. Assessment New Jack City was a movie that changed the way people perceived crime and gangster activities in the United States. The effect that the movie had was so intense that most of the cinemas that were showing the film pulled it down after a few hours. The movie had triggered riots, demonstrations and looting all over Los Angeles. Most of the chaos started from the cinema halls immediately after the movie had finished playing. The screening of shootings, gang activity, and rape and drug abuse showed to the viewers that these actions were not prohibited. The movies also had features of institutional racism in it. Reflection The younger generation within America has discovered that they could gain attention by expressing violent behavior. The movie New Jack City was the best movie to tap into this unsuitable energy by the youth. The movie also set the trends for fashion and lifestyles for the youth that has shaped them into irresponsible young adults. The younger generation should be counseled that the use of violence is wrong in any situation. Movies and other form of entertainment glorify violence as a part of life and the youth pick this up as a form of expression, thereby escalating the problem. Lupkin Sydney. Colorado Shooting Recalls History of Theater Violence. ABC News. Accessed on 25 September 2012. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/US/colorado-shooting-recalls-history-theater-violence/story?id=16823347#.UGFFD81RQac Summary Lupkin discusses the recent theater shootings that happened in Colorado. He mentioned the other historical shootings that also happened in different cinemas across America. Lupkin took up an academic approach toward attempting to explain the increased violence within theaters. According to the scholars from Emory University Medical School’s Department of Psychiatry, people go to the movie and behave as if the events occurring in the movie were part of their real life. The reaction by people who read books by Corleones was much less aggressive than those who saw the same films in the theater. People who read novels, comics or printed stories are categorized by the university professor as being slightly different from the movie watchers. Assessment The online source was highly relevant and helpful as it discussed the academic explanation of the cause of violence among movie viewers. The objective of the article was to discuss the instances of violence in the theater and the scientific and sociological explanations behind the increased violence. The article also described the way in which the movies influence the behavior of the viewers by making violence seem rather acceptable. Reflection This article showed the real effect that the movies had on the audience. The article also had real life instances of people who triggered violence and how they were related to aggression in movies. After reading the article, I had the right frame of mind to understand the reason behind the increased aggression among moviegoers who see violent movies. Indeed, movies and other form of media are becoming more interactive, thereby making the audience feel that the events portrayed are real. As a result, frequent moviegoers have the potential of becoming more aggressive if the violence they perceive as being normal is present in many of the movies they watch. Rolfe Dick. Movie violence then and now. The Dove Foundation. Accessed on 25 September 2012. Retrieved from dove.org/columns/1997/column9704.htm Summary The movies seem real to the audience, and they invoke real and abundant feelings. Certain movies activate emotions and behavior that go beyond the sympathy for the character in the screen. An example would be seeing many action movies having violence to a point that it (violence) becomes normal and acceptable. Some of the famous movies that have been flagged for violence include â€Å"The Godfather Part III† and â€Å"Boyz in the Hood†. A â€Å"Godfather† showing in 1991, in New York, turned awry when two groups of men started arguing and exchanging fire that killed a 15-year-old bystander. Book readers are less susceptible to violence as compared to movie watchers. The book readers do not see the actual happenings and so they are less activated emotionally as compared to television viewers. Assessment Filmmakers have made many changes in the industry to an extent that violence and aggressive behavior has been presented as attractive, desirable and acceptable. Watching violent films have had negative effects within the society. First, the young people in society have had degenerative and disruptive behavior, and second, they encourage violent criminal activity. Reflection This article held technical descriptions on how the film industry made violence and aggression a normal part of the society. The article also gave a chronological narration of the violent occurrences within movie theaters. I gained valuable information after reading on the sociological side effects of the violence that was being broadcasted in the media. I would have a lot of criticism for the state of chaos existing within the film industry that lets them approve violence in society. The fact that watching violence on television and in the movies also increases the nature of aggression by the audience seems to be overlooked my companies only interested in entertaining and making money. This is opposed to the potential for harm that these forms of media have to those who are most vulnerable in the society. Rosenbaum, Jonathan. Movie Wars: How Hollywood and the Media Conspire to Limit What Films We Can See. Chicago, IL: A Cappella, 2000. Print Summary Rosenbaum discussed the controversial topic of the cinema and its role in society. He expressed that the vale of the cinema was often undermined by many people who frequented the premises. The book discusses the stages that stakeholders in the film industry go through from production, distribution and promotion of films. Companies such as Miramax engage in activities such as hoarding movies to deny other companies from distributing them. The book also criticizes the corporate cinematic culture and other behaviors such as denying the moviegoers the right to choose what movies to offer. Assessment The cinema industry is extremely powerful and influential in the way it manipulates the production studios, market researchers, publishing concerns and advertisers. The influence spreads to the way in which the films are made and the themes that are chosen for these films. The cinema industry has expounded on the violence themes to an extent that they influence how people think, act and interpret real life situations. Reflection The influx of various themes such as violence within the media can be understood as a plan by the media stakeholders to predetermine what the audience can watch in the cinemas. The result is a society flooded with violence because the entities responsible for controlling what the public can see and this has obviously failed as more and more people prefer to watch violence such as wrestling, reality fighting shows and extreme action movies. These same cinema bodies are responsible for censoring what the public can see through parental guidance. However, the adherence to these restrictions is not upheld as most young individuals have access to violent media and only a small proportion of their parents keep tabs on what the youth are watching. Rowles Dustin. The 10 Most Horrific Incidents of Off-Screen Movie Theater Violence. Pajiba. Accessed on 25 September 2012. Retrieved from pajiba.com/seriously_random_lists/the-10-most-horrific-incidents-of-offscreen-movie-theater-violence.php Summary Rowles analyzed the ten most horrific theater violence incidents that caused the death of many cinemagoers. A police officer stabbed a16-year old boy because he refused to leave the hall. This incident was reported in 2009. Earlier episodes that occurred in America were triggered by irate clients who were disappointed either by the services, the movie or the psychological disturbances among the moviegoers. The Philadelphia shooting of 2008 where a man was shot by another because his family was too loud is a case of psychological instability. Assessment The online article was extremely dependable and provided a lot of information on the reasons as to why people engage in aggressive behavior within and around cinemas. The article categorized the reasons for violence as psychological, physical or exaggerated gang activity. Most of the reports of these violent incidents indicated that the perpetrators replicated most of the violent scenes that they saw in the films. The article was specifically organized in the way it presented the film that was being shown, the violent incident that occurred in the theater and why the reaction occurred. Reflection This source displayed the way in which human beings have a behavior change after seeing violent movies. The article taught me that human beings could be easily influenced by the things they see, hear and experience. Violence for such people becomes an option when they are confronted with difficult situations. From the article, violence seems like a learnt behavior. As a result, the overexposure of young individuals to violence results in an increase in their aggressive behavior, especially since these individuals are easily influenced by their surroundings.

The Courteous Conjunction That

The Courteous Conjunction That The Courteous Conjunction That The Courteous Conjunction That By Mark Nichol That is an innocuous little word, but it is often a linchpin of comprehension, making the difference between understanding and confusion. Take, for instance, its insertion or omission as a conjunction following verbs such as believe, ensure, and indicate. In the sentence â€Å"The seizure of the port will ensure command of the sea and free lines of communication,† a conjunction after ensure would make no sense; the sentence clearly states that an action will guarantee two results. However, a rewriting of the sentence changes the game. Here, it is correct to insert that: â€Å"The seizure of the port will ensure that we maintain command of the sea and free lines of communication.† (It’s not required, but it is recommended for a more smoothly flowing sentence.) Sometimes, though, the omission of the optional that is not so optional; withholding it can hinder comprehension. For example, in the sentence â€Å"I hope to ensure that his arrival does not affect our plans,† withholding that after ensure might deceive the reader into thinking that the sentence consists of the simple statement â€Å"I hope to ensure his arrival,† but he or she must then must shift gears to absorb an extended phrase that expresses a purpose. In this case, it’s almost an obligation to the writer to insert that after ensure: The reader’s train of thought is interrupted when he or she continues past the putative predicate. Insertion of that after ensure will guarantee that the reader is not derailed. Likewise, while reading the sentence â€Å"She glared at him, unable to believe what she had heard was coming from a friend she had trusted,† the reader might believe that the sentence consists only of the statement â€Å"She glared at him, unable to believe what she had heard.† To clarify that additional information is coming, it’s best to include that after believe: â€Å"She glared at him, unable to believe that what she had heard was coming from a friend she had trusted.† This assistance isn’t always essential; the sentence â€Å"I believe intervention is the wiser course† would not be initially misinterpreted as a sentence that might end at intervention. However, as a courtesy to your readers, consider always including the optional conjunction. What if you started to read a sentence beginning with â€Å"He pointed his chin to indicate the chair to his left†? You might expect that clause to be self-contained. But if the statement continues â€Å"had been left vacant for her,† you’d probably wish that indicate had been followed by that to signal that more is to come. Such details distinguish competent writing from commendable writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"Deck the HallsPreposition Review #1: Chance of vs. Chance for

The History and Invention of Pottery

The History and Invention of Pottery Of all the kinds of artifacts which may be found at archaeological sites, ceramicsobjects made from fired clayare surely one of the most useful. Ceramic artifacts are extremely durable and may last thousands of years virtually unchanged from the date of manufacture. And, ceramic artifacts, unlike stone tools, are completely person-made, shaped of clay and purposely fired. Clay figurines are known from the earliest human occupations; but clay vessels, pottery vessels used for storing, cooking and serving food, and carrying water were first manufactured in China at least 20,000 years ago. Yuchanyan and Xianrendong Caves Recently redated ceramic sherds from the Paleolithic/Neolithic cave site of Xianrendong in the Yangtse Basin of central China in Jiangxi province hold the earliest established dates, at 19,200-20,900 cal BP years ago. These pots were bag-shaped and coarse-pasted, made of local clay with inclusions of quartz and feldspar, with plain or simply decorated walls. The second oldest pottery in the world is from Hunan Province, at the karst cave of Yuchanyan. In sediments dated between 15,430 and 18,300 calendar years before the present (cal BP) were found sherds from at least two pots. One was partially constructed, and it was a wide-mouthed jar with a pointed bottom that looks very much like the Incipient Jomon pot illustrated in the photograph and about 5,000 years younger. The Yuchanyan sherds are thick (up to 2 cm) and coarsely pasted, and decorated with cord-marks on the interior and exterior walls. The Kamino Site in Japan The next earliest sherds are from the Kamino site in southwestern Japan. This site has a stone tool assemblage which appears to classify it as late Paleolithic, called Pre-ceramic in Japanese archaeology to separate it from the Lower Paleolithic cultures of Europe and the mainland. At the Kamino site in addition to a handful of potsherds were found micro blades, wedge-shaped microcores, spearheads and other artifacts similar to assemblages at Pre-ceramic sites in Japan dated between 14,000 and 16,000 years before the present (BP). This layer is stratigraphically below a securely dated Initial Jomon culture occupation of 12,000 BP. The ceramic sherds are not decorated and are very small and fragmentary. Recent thermoluminescence dating of the sherds themselves returned a 13,000-12,000 BP date. Jomon Culture Sites Ceramic sherds are also found, also in small quantities, but with a bean-impression decoration, in a half-dozen sites of the Mikoshiba-Chojukado sites of southwestern Japan, also dated to the late Pre-ceramic period. These pots are bag-shaped but somewhat pointed at the bottom, and sites with these sherds include the Odaiyamamoto and Ushirono sites, and Senpukuji Cave. Like those of the Kamino site, these sherds are also quite rare, suggesting that although the technology was known to the Late Pre-ceramic cultures, it just was not terribly useful to their nomadic lifestyle. In contrast, ceramics were very useful indeed to the Jomon peoples. In Japanese, the word Jomon means cord-mark, as in cord-marked decoration on pottery. The Jomon tradition is the name given to hunter-gatherer cultures in Japan from about 13,000 to 2500 BP, when migrating populations from the mainland brought full-time wet rice agriculture. For the entire ten millennia, the Jomon peoples used ceramic vessels for storage and cooking. Incipient Jomon ceramics are identified by patterns of lines applied onto a bag-shaped vessel. Later, as on the mainland, highly decorated vessels were also manufactured by the Jomon peoples. By 10,000 BP, the use of ceramics is found throughout mainland China, and by 5,000 BP ceramic vessels are found throughout the world, both independently invented in the Americas or spread by diffusion into the middle eastern Neolithic cultures. Porcelain and High-Fired Ceramics The first high-fired glazed ceramics were produced in China, during the  Shang  (1700-1027 BC) dynasty period. At sites such as Yinxu and Erligang, high-fired ceramics appear in the 13th-17th centuries BC. These pots were made from a local clay, washed with wood ash and fired in kilns to temperatures of between 1200 and 1225 degrees Centigrade to produce a high fired lime-based glaze. Shang and Zhou dynasty potters continued to refine the technique, testing different clays and washes, eventually leading to the development of true porcelain. See Yin, Rehren and Zheng 2011. By the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), the first mass pottery manufacturing kilns were begun at the imperial  Jingdezhen  site, and the beginning of export trade of Chinese porcelain to the rest of the world opened up.   Sources Boaretto E, Wu X, Yuan J, Bar-Yosef O, Chu V, Pan Y, Liu K, Cohen D, Jiao T, Li S et al. 2009. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(24):9595-9600. Chi Z, and Hung H-C. 2008. The Neolithic of Southern China–Origin, Development, and Dispersal. Asian Perspectives 47(2):299-329. Cui J, Rehren T, Lei Y, Cheng X, Jiang J, and Wu X. 2010. Western technical traditions of pottery making in Tang Dynasty China: chemical evidence from the Liquanfang Kiln site, Xian city. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(7):1502-1509. Cui JF, Lei Y, Jin ZB, Huang BL, and Wu XH. 2009. Lead Isotope Analysis Of Tang Sancai Pottery Glazes From Gongyi Kiln, Henan Province And Huangbao Kiln, Shaanxi Province. Archaeometry 52(4):597-604. Demeter F, Sayavongkhamdy T, Patole-Edoumba E, Coupey A-S, Bacon A-M, De Vos J, Tougard C, Bouasisengpaseuth B, Sichanthongtip P, and Duringer P. 2009. Tam Hang Rockshelter: Preliminary Study of a Prehistoric Site in Northern Laos. Asian Perspectives 48(2):291-308. Liu L, Chen X, and Li B. 2007. Non-state crafts in the early Chinese state: an archaeological view from the Erlitou hinterland. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 27:93-102. Lu TL-D. 2011. Early pottery in south China. Asian Perspectives 49(1):1-42. Mà ©ry S, Anderson P, Inizan M-L, Lechevallier, Monique, and Pelegrin J. 2007. A pottery workshop with flint tools on blades knapped with copper at Nausharo (Indus Journal of Archaeological Science 34:1098-1116.civilisation, ca. 2500 BC). Prendergast ME, Yuan J, and Bar-Yosef O. 2009. Resource intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: a view from southern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(4):1027-1037. Shennan SJ, and Wilkinson JR. 2001. Ceramic Style Change and Neutral Evolution: A Case Study from Neolithic Europe. American Antiquity 66(4):5477-5594. Wang W-M, Ding J-L, Shu J-W, and Chen W. 2010. Exploration of early rice farming in China. Quaternary International 227(1):22-28. Yang X-Y, Kadereit A, Wagner GA, Wagner I, and Zhang J-Z. 2005. TL and IRSL dating of Jiahu relics and sediments: clue of 7th millennium BC civilization in central China. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(7):1045-1051. Yin M, Rehren T, and Zheng J. 2011. The earliest high-fired glazed ceramics in China: the composition of the proto-porcelain from Zhejiang during the Shang and Zhou periods (c. 1700-221 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 38(9):2352-2365.

Death Across Time and Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Death Across Time and Cultures - Essay Example Thus, although death is regard as a typical figure or outcome for all human beings, the conceptualization of death events and cultural practices vary significantly (AÌŠhreÃŒ n, P. 154). Among different cultures such as the Chinese, Egyptian and religious cultures, death is seen as a conceived condition that involves sleep, illness or attaining a certain age of life. In contrast, among the European cultures such as the Greeks, death is seen as a total cessation of life. Cultures that views death as a transition between life and death such as the African cultures and Buddhism cultures according to Anna Indych from the ‘’Death Across Time and Cultures’’ video episode sees death as a transition from one to other form of human beings. Similarly, among the Buddhist religious culture, death is seen as a continuous interaction between the living people and the death (AÌŠhreÃŒ n, P. 152). On a broad front, as Hindu cultures’ views death as circular patterns of multiple rebirth and deaths, the Christian religious culture views death as a final end of humanly life that involves no human activities after death. In addition, different conceptions of death as described by Stanley in the view episode in relation to the art of living and grieving, significantly influence the peoples’ way of life and lifestyles. Therefore, different perception of death outcomes for different cultures and people affects their degree in which they fear death, the readiness to die as well as the nature of expression of mourning, grieving and the nature of funeral rituals conducted (AÌŠhreÃŒ n, P.

Salvador Dal's life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Salvador Dal's life - Essay Example The essay "Salvador Dal's life" examines the life of Salvador Dali. Salvador Dali was born in Spain in the year 1904. His life was quite traumatic, his elder brother died before he was born. This was one point that always affected him in one way or the other throughout his life. His parents thought of him as the re-embodiment of his dead brother. His feelings with regards to his own self courtesy his brother’s eyes made him feel fascinated which was related to his rustiness and decomposition. Thus the same had quite an effect on the paintings that he drew, which were more or less of dead corpses or insects for that matter. To talk about his student life, he was a weak one. However he knew that he possessed something extraordinary which others lacked in his age. He was there to bring about a change. It was in the year 1917 when his father organized his first exhibition that he came to the forefront. In five years time, Salvadore Dali was being hailed at the Academia de San Fern ando in Madrid, Spain. After this he felt very much in love with Cubism that more or less was visible courtesy his paintings. It was in the year 1929 when a couple of significant happenings took place in Dali’s life. He met Gala Eluard who was the wife of the French poet Paul Eluard; which ultimately made the two of them very close to each other. Also, he joined the Paris Surrealists, however achieving these two things had a price to pay on his part as well. His father turned his back on him and left him homeless.

Manifestation of Various Forms of Citizenship in British Education Essay

Manifestation of Various Forms of Citizenship in British Education System Since 1944 - Essay Example However, the Callaghan suggestions underpin them all; whether the policy is social or right based they are all consumers and the success of each approach have a trickle effect to local as well as global economy. The term citizenship have a number of implications: it means to be a member of a particular political community or state. It implies that, one has certain rights and responsibilities that are defined in law, such as the right to vote, the responsibility to pay taxes among others. This type of citizenship is referred to as nationality. Citizenship can also refer to individual's involvement in public life and affairs- that is the behaviours and actions of a citizen. This type of citizenship is sometimes referred to as "active citizenship". This definition of citizenship applies to a number of activities. They include among other; voting in elections, standing for political office and having interest in current affairs. It widens its wing to capture the moral and behavioural expectations of being a citizen of a particular political community (Citizenship Foundation &DfES, 2004, Chap 1). According to Crick report, citizenship education should be included in the National Curriculum in order to educate the children the importance of knowing the rights of being a citizen and the role of a citizen in the society (Cric... tizenship education should be included in the National Curriculum in order to educate the children the importance of knowing the rights of being a citizen and the role of a citizen in the society (Crick, 1998). Social citizenship British education system manifests various forms of citizenships. Since 1944, Social citizenship has been the defining element in British education system policies characterized by a number of Acts of parliament and Circulars. The social citizenship was brought about in the 21st century as the British and most of capitalist states embraced the concept of welfare states after 1944. These welfare states systems brought a drastic and radical change to the paradigm of political, social and economic constraints of British citizens as well as many social institutions. The education system was not an exception. Welfare states since then have affected the citizens' choices in life by redistribution of resources which have so far opened and widened social opportunities and possibilities as noted by Twine. (Twine, F, 1994, p. 2). According to Wincott, post-war welfare state in Britain remained powerful. The welfare propagated by then stated that Citizens should have equal access to public services based on need not place of residence. However, he laments that Britain devolution policy led to the loss of initial status as an exemplary welfare state. The system failed to provide an adequate territorial framework for the development of social policy. Nevertheless, individual federal units in government have been championing the social citizenship in various sectors of the British society. The most conspicuous of these sectors where social citizenship is widely applicable is education sector. The British education policy hold that every citizen has a

The Importance of Business Processes in Delivering Outcomes Essay

The Importance of Business Processes in Delivering Outcomes - Essay Example Depending on which industry an organization belongs, a business will provide needs that are products, services, or both. The usual end goals are: (1) profits for the Stakeholders; (2) customer satisfaction for the people who buy company products or avail of company services; (3) good management of employees; (4) skillful allocation, disposition, and maintenance of assets like cash, receivables, inventories, supplies, furniture, building, equipment, and vehicles; (5) wise sourcing of funds and timely payments of liabilities; (6) compliance with government regulations, specially the proper accounting and payment of taxes, permits, and other fees. (7) And for large corporations listed in the stock exchange, potential investors as well as existing investors also require that value of a company’s stock (otherwise known as Stock Value) has been increasing comparatively better than that of the competitors’ Stock Value. (8) All these have to be realized while the separate entity, be it a single proprietor, partnership, or corporation, is mindful of its social responsibilities for the community and the country wherein it belongs. (9) Finally, every business is expected to grow and to become stable. It also means resiliency to economic downturns. In the case of Quick Fit Furniture Co., the objectives revealed were the sales increase of 10% from the past year and the (2) implied need to improve the human relationship of its workforce between departments. II. Business Processes Have To Be Controlled In order to achieve all those goals, the Board of Directors, Top Executives, and the other Managers must be familiar with strategic ways by which goals can be accomplished. They have to be aware of the business processes from within and the external environment affecting those business processes. Moreover, resources allocated within each of them have to be controlled and directed towards arriving at desired outcome or results. From a general point of view, what business entrepreneurs and executives must do is to marshal the allocated resources within each process so that the output will contribute to the achievement of the ultimate goals. A diagram should clarify this concept. What are the business processes then ? According to Harvard Business School Press (2010, p. 4), â€Å"Technically, a business process is the set of steps a business performs to create value for customers. A process consists of three basic components: Inputs†¦Activities†¦Outputs.† The same book admits that â€Å"every organization contains large amounts of business processes† (p. 6). From the time a business is conceived, the processes of planning, organizing, directing, communicating, controlling, evaluating, and improving resources in all divisions and departments of the organization will continue to be ongoing. There are many activities taken in order to get things done. What will guide the implementation of plans are the objectives leading to the accomplishment of goals. As a matter of fact, every person working within the business has a corresponding set of activities called the duties and resp onsibilities defined and meant to meet specific needs to serve the interest of an entire organization. Let us take some examples. Under the Administrative Department, there are usually the following: recruitment activities, training and development activities, and personnel files record keeping activities, performance evaluation, and so on. Each of the activities have to meet certain standards. A company cannot just hire anybody to fill a position. Thus, during recruitment, testing activities and interviews are usually done. The most qualified personnel are chosen based on the criteria specified by the Department which requested for the hiring of personnel. For the Finance Department, some people with background in Accounting and/or Finance would have to be found. The activities they perform will be

Overview of the Hospitality and Tourism Industry Essay

Overview of the Hospitality and Tourism Industry - Essay Example ges such as regulatory issues, social concerns, competitive issues, and / or demographic and geographic issues associated with managing a restaurant operation in the State of Maryland. The Maryland government has stricter legal policies on food quality control and staffing. The Food Quality Assurance program implemented by the government poses serious threats to the successful operation of restaurant in Maryland. In addition, Maryland regulators have framed burdensome employment laws that would notably reduce the profitability of restaurant operations in the State. In order to address the regulatory issues better, it is advisable for the organization to become a member of the Restaurant Association of Maryland (RAM), which is committed to guiding its members in managing lawsuits and other regulatory concerns effectively. Today’s people are increasingly concerned about social issues like environmental pollution, global warming, climate change, and poor health. It is evident tha t restaurant operations contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions, which is a major issue contributing to ozone layer depletion thereby global warming and climate change. Since modern consumers are really aware of the significance of environmental sustainability, they would not support a restaurant business that does not focus on environmental safety. In addition, today consumers are greatly interested to know how businesses execute their corporate social responsibilities. The organization can address this challenge effectively by becoming a socially responsible corporate citizen. Considering the growing scope of hospitality and tourism industry, many new market players have started restaurant operations, and this situation in turn adds to the degree of competitive rivalry. The organization can successfully handle the issue of intense market competition by emphasizing particularly on innovation and efficiency. Finally demographic and geographic issues also raise some pote ntial

The Importance of Business Processes in Delivering Outcomes Essay

The Importance of Business Processes in Delivering Outcomes - Essay Example Depending on which industry an organization belongs, a business will provide needs that are products, services, or both. The usual end goals are: (1) profits for the Stakeholders; (2) customer satisfaction for the people who buy company products or avail of company services; (3) good management of employees; (4) skillful allocation, disposition, and maintenance of assets like cash, receivables, inventories, supplies, furniture, building, equipment, and vehicles; (5) wise sourcing of funds and timely payments of liabilities; (6) compliance with government regulations, specially the proper accounting and payment of taxes, permits, and other fees. (7) And for large corporations listed in the stock exchange, potential investors as well as existing investors also require that value of a company’s stock (otherwise known as Stock Value) has been increasing comparatively better than that of the competitors’ Stock Value. (8) All these have to be realized while the separate entity, be it a single proprietor, partnership, or corporation, is mindful of its social responsibilities for the community and the country wherein it belongs. (9) Finally, every business is expected to grow and to become stable. It also means resiliency to economic downturns. In the case of Quick Fit Furniture Co., the objectives revealed were the sales increase of 10% from the past year and the (2) implied need to improve the human relationship of its workforce between departments. II. Business Processes Have To Be Controlled In order to achieve all those goals, the Board of Directors, Top Executives, and the other Managers must be familiar with strategic ways by which goals can be accomplished. They have to be aware of the business processes from within and the external environment affecting those business processes. Moreover, resources allocated within each of them have to be controlled and directed towards arriving at desired outcome or results. From a general point of view, what business entrepreneurs and executives must do is to marshal the allocated resources within each process so that the output will contribute to the achievement of the ultimate goals. A diagram should clarify this concept. What are the business processes then ? According to Harvard Business School Press (2010, p. 4), â€Å"Technically, a business process is the set of steps a business performs to create value for customers. A process consists of three basic components: Inputs†¦Activities†¦Outputs.† The same book admits that â€Å"every organization contains large amounts of business processes† (p. 6). From the time a business is conceived, the processes of planning, organizing, directing, communicating, controlling, evaluating, and improving resources in all divisions and departments of the organization will continue to be ongoing. There are many activities taken in order to get things done. What will guide the implementation of plans are the objectives leading to the accomplishment of goals. As a matter of fact, every person working within the business has a corresponding set of activities called the duties and resp onsibilities defined and meant to meet specific needs to serve the interest of an entire organization. Let us take some examples. Under the Administrative Department, there are usually the following: recruitment activities, training and development activities, and personnel files record keeping activities, performance evaluation, and so on. Each of the activities have to meet certain standards. A company cannot just hire anybody to fill a position. Thus, during recruitment, testing activities and interviews are usually done. The most qualified personnel are chosen based on the criteria specified by the Department which requested for the hiring of personnel. For the Finance Department, some people with background in Accounting and/or Finance would have to be found. The activities they perform will be

Repealing the Jones Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Repealing the Jones Act - Research Paper Example This historical act can be found in Section 27 of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920. The act professed that goods & passengers transported by water between US ports must be done in US made ships, owned by US populace & crewed by US citizens. The Jones Act also provided sailors with supplementary rights, including the facility to look for reparation from the crew, captain, or ship owner in the case of an injury. The Jones Act generally deals with ‘cabotage’ (i.e. coastal shipping) & requires that all goods transported by water amid US ports be carried in US flag ships, constructed in the united states, owned by US populace , crewed by US people & US permanent inhabitants. This unique act was framed with the purpose of sustaining the US merchant marine industry, but agricultural welfare by and large opposed it for the reason that, they contended it raised the expenditure of shipping their commodities, making them less competitive against foreign sources. The great Gulf oil spill raised serious questions on the implications of this draconian act. The oil which had been squandering & demolishing aqua habitat could not be stopped for the sole reason of the legal bindings of this law. The US alone never possessed the arsenal of cleaning up this catastrophic mess. Yet, it remained reluctant when foreign nations repeatedly suggested utilizing their ships to meet this disaster. Thus, 2 010 witnessed this cruel drama while the endangered ecological equilibrium slowly drifted into the abyss of oblivion. This implied that foreign owned, built, & manned vessels could not assist in the oil spill cleanup mess unless of course President Barrack Hussein Obama waived or altered the Jones act. During the Katrina storms, the former president Bush decided to waive the laws of Jones act as a requirement of national emergency. But Obama opted to remain frigid & witness the blunders rather than becoming pro active & deciding according to the needs of the hour.

Ancient Egypt Essay Example for Free

Ancient Egypt Essay What are books? Well the answer is pretty simple which is books are a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. Books are available everywhere. We can get them at a bookstore, library, school and many more places. They are part and puzzle of someone’s life. There are many types of book like storybooks, fictional, non-fictional, novels, magazines, manuscript, comic books, log books, reference books, textbooks and so much more. When writing systems were invented in ancient civilisation, this system can be written on nearly everything including stone, clay, tree bark and metal sheets. Alphabetic writing emerged in Egypt about 5,000 years ago. Papyrus, a thick paper-like material made by weaving of the stems of the papyrus plant, then pounding the woven sheet with a hammer-like tool, was used for writing in Ancient Egypt. Papyrus sheets were glued together to form a scroll. Tree bark such as lime and other materials were also used. A codex in modern usage is the first information repository that modern people would recognise as a book. In the early 19th century, steamed-powered printing presses became very popular. Books were put to good use by many well-known and famous authors both in the past and present. Author is someone who makes or originates something. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Sun Tzu and many more philosophers spread their ideas and messages through books. They spoke their mind through books. This in return introduced and spread ideology over the continent during the rising and falling of great empires like Rome, Greek and China. Books play an important role in the growth of language. There are over 5000 languages in the world. These languages are spread by books. Nowadays, we can get books with different languages so that means you can get a book with the same title but with a different language. There are books such as dictionary that helps people especially students that have troubles in translating from a language to another. This is called bilingual. Besides, books are essential in students’ life. It is constantly needed throughout the learning period of an individual’s life. For example, books are used in kindergartens, primary, lower and upper secondary and even in colleges or institutions. Students no matter where or which phase of the learning period they enter, books are still needed. Furthermore, working people especially those who are involved in teaching and journalism like teachers, lecturers, professors, reporters and many more. They can’t escape from books. One of their source of livelihood is books. As technology progress, books are getting unpopular. This is because that we now are able to read story books and novels through the internet as well as purchase them. People do not have to open their books and flip through pages to find information. Moreover, they can obtain the information they seek within seconds. They also do not need to buy music books anymore because it is available online. In conclusion, books are the very source of intellect and intelligence. They are huge source of knowledge. To read books are endless, even a lifetime is not sufficient. You can never read them finish. During the earlier centuries, books were the key to the growth of advanced civilisation. Therefore, even with the progression of technology, mankind should continue to read books because they are endless with knowledge.

Kevin Mitnick Ethical Issues And Computer Hacking History Philosophy Essay

Kevin Mitnick Ethical Issues And Computer Hacking History Philosophy Essay This report deals in identifying the ethical issues of Kevin Mitnick and his computer hacking history and weather the accusations and they way FBI prosecuted his case were correct or not .Each of the issue raised would further be discussed by using the three ethical theories of Consequence-Based, Duty-Based and Character-Based. Apart from that the general role of a computer professional will also be described later on in this report in terms of using their knowledge and expertise in terms of hacking. Hence this report will be divided into two parts the first part focusing on highlighting the ethical issues and his prosecution and second would deal with the computer professional part. A detail description of his history of hacking is mentioned in the case scenario which will be described later on in the report. Firstly a brief introduction of ethics and its three theories would be discussed which will make it easy to understand and to implement it on the Kevin Mitnick case. Ethics has been described in many ways by different people over the history including same great Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle, and so on. Greeks mostly defined ethics as the study of what was good for the infidel and the society. The easiest way to describe ethics would be differing and reflecting a human being character in terms of what is good or bad, right or wrong, fair and unfair, responsible or irresponsible. It will lead a human being moral character to be in good conduct. Ethics can also be referred as to what humans are suppose to do if they follow the prescribe standards of right and wrong, which normally would lead him in terms of rights, his benefit to society, his obligations etc. Also ethics and can be referred as studying of moral character of human being and developing it to an ethical standard.[1] Ethics begins when elements within a moral system conflict.[1]  ¿Ã‚ ½Ethics exists in many forms in branches, literatures, eras, traditions. All of them following the root hub of ethics but the form of ethics which is highlighted and followed in our case study for this report are what is called Cyberethics. Cyberethics To understand the meaning of cyberethics a person should be aware of the term Cybertechnology. All the devices used in modern era in the field of cyber space such as hand held devices, personal computers, mainframes, networks and mainly the Internet can be termed as a part of Cybertechnology.  ¿Ã‚ ½Cybertechnology in terms refers to a broad spectrum of technologies that ranges from stand alone computers to the clustered of networked computing, information and communication technologies ¿Ã‚ ½ [2] Different definitions of cyberethics exists mostly dealing with ethical issues with certain type of online activities for e.g. pornography, gambling etc. It can be referred as certain types of laws which are not monitored by the judicial or law governing bodies but from and individual himself which go beyond his moral values which would be something different from cyber law which has to governed and monitored by a governing body.  ¿Ã‚ ½Cyberethics can be defined as the field of applied ethics that examines moral, legal and social issues in the development and use of Cybertechnology ¿Ã‚ ½ [2] Ethical Theories Since this report has to follow certain type of ethical theories in order to identify the ethical issues a brief description of each one of them has been mentioned below. Consequence-Based As the name suggest consequence based theories produces the most desirable outcomes for it member morally. The providing of ultimate standards for consequence of actions against which the moral decisions were evaluated is highlighted in this theory. The goodness or right identified by consequence would be something regarded as Consequence-Based ethical theory which gives some outcome for someone. But whose outcome would be the question here that who should benefit from this outcome? This argument has mostly been provided by some big Utilitarian thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sedgwick etc. The argument provided by them normally follows the theory that an act of some individual or a whole social policy would be acceptable if it ¿Ã‚ ½s providing great benefits for a majority of individuals which would be affected with the given policy or from the provided act by the certain individual. ¿Ã‚ ½Jeremy Bentham states that  ¿Ã‚ ½ People are driven by their interests and their fears, but their interests take precedence over their fears, and their interests are carried out in accordance with how people view the consequences that might be involved with their interests. Happiness on this account is defined as the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain ¿Ã‚ ½. [3] This form of ethics mainly explains that whatever happen sand outcome or result is achieved should be in a favor of large number of population rather than that of a certain minority. They should provide happiness to everyone rather than just one person who would be satisfied when a certain kind of act is performed. Duty-Based Duty based Ethical theory is something which gives the concept of Deontology derived from the Greek word Deon which means Duty. The concept of Deontology is the approach in which goodness and right would be achieved by studying the act of an individual or social policy rather than the consequence which its leads too. Immanuel Kant was one of the Deontological thinkers who always criticized Utilitarian thinkers saying that morality must be defined as the duty of an individual to one another rather than consequence which are produced when a certain individual performs a certain type of action. He said happiness is not the concern in terms of morality. He said that it was the motives and goals of a human being which made him to choose right or wrong rather than the consequences. W.D Ross another deontological thinker argument is  ¿Ã‚ ½Utilitarianism seems to simplify unduly our relations to our fellows. It says, in effect, that the only morally significant relation in whom my neighbors stand to me is that of being possible beneficiaries of my action. They do stand in this relation to me, and this relation is morally significant. But they may also stand to me in the relation of promise to promisor, of creditor to debtor, of wife to husband, of fellow countryman to fellow countryman, and the like; and each of these relations is the foundation of aduty ¿Ã‚ ½[4] So in short a Duty-based approach leads us to a conclusion that morality of a human being would be carried out by the acts he perform which would justify if he ¿Ã‚ ½s right or wrong. His Duty toward honesty, Justice, violence etc is what will be regarded his moral duty rather than himself being happy if he tells a lie. Character-Based Character Based theory reject the first two theories which focus on consequence or an act, instead this theory focuses on an individual character and is also mostly known as Virtue Ethics. Its main concerns are with individual ¿Ã‚ ½s moral character and don ¿Ã‚ ½t rely on duties and consequences. It has a very old history which rages back to great Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Plato who argued that each person has to obtain a right virtue since each of us will have a certain virtue in him which will be his strength or excellences which will lead towards a good or bad moral character. Virtue ethics is somewhat which can be called as agent oriented rather the first two which are action oriented or rule oriented. The main question of what a virtue ethics would be follow in a certain type of situation in which he or she has to perform an action and weather the individual has to do it or not instead it would go the other way around seeking the information of what kind of person I should be?.  ¿Ã‚ ½It is only by means of this idea [of virtue] that any judgment as to moral worth or its opposite is possibleEverything good that is not based on a morally good disposition ¿Ã‚ ½is nothing but pretence and glittering misery ¿Ã‚ ½ [5] Background Our case study focuses on a person named Kevin Mitnick who was the first hacker in computer to reach the FBI most wanted listed. He was arrested on Feb 15 1995 by FBI in which he was accused of number of acts which included breaking into computer systems and networks all over the world and altering information which lead the company to invest into new security measures and also for the charge of violations of his terms and conditions on the period of probation for his previous computer crimes. He was caught by the help of a Japanese computer security expert Tsutomo Shimomura whose system is said was hacked by Kevin Mitnick in San Diego Supercomputer Center which made him furious in tracking and helping the FBI. His hacking started in his school days where he got fascinated with computers in a computer class. His passion of technology made him learn quickly and he soon managed to Hack LA public school districts computer. At age of 17 he Hacked into Pacific Bell and altered phone bills. Same year he gain access to information valued at $200,000 for a San Francisco Company. Caught and prosecuted earned him a probation of 6 months. During that period he again hacked into the judge and probation officers and judge phone disconnected and bills accredited. Interestingly the police caught the system has been accessed from outside but nothing showed up in their database. He also hacked into NORAD a missile monitoring company in states. Obviously this one could have had catastrophic effects .In 1988 he was accused of two crimes one of them was of accessing a MCI network for long distance call and second stealing a computer system which caused damaged of up to $4 million for a company. For this reason the judge decided to put him on jail without bail. During his bail attempts prosecutors presented evidence of him breaking into National Security Agency computers and also that a false story being printed that a bank lost $400 million in first quarter of that year. This happened just after 4 days when Mitnick was denied a job in that bank. Finally Mitnick pleaded guilty and was sentenced to jail for 18 months and 3 years of probation. In 1992 FBI suspected him of hacking into Pacific Bell of which evidence was found later on which made Mitnick flee from FBI. Evidence of altering driving license record to set up a false identity was retrieved. In this period the police came up to very close encounters of arresting him but Kevin always managed to move on. Finally being found and arrested in 1995 was charged with various new crimes and violation of his parole. He was Denied bail and it was ensured that there was no equipment of computers handed to him in jail so he could commit more crime. Phone calls were closely monitored and in 1997 Mitnick pleaded guilty and was sentenced to jail for 22 months for charges of accessing phone system in order to get free long distance calls and then a 3 years probation period in which he would stay away from anything  ¿Ã‚ ½Hi-tech ¿Ã‚ ½ Most of his crimes still remain unsolved and he was released in January 2000 and expiration of probation in 2003. [6][7][8] Ethical Issues The ethical issues for the given case study and their discussion from the above discussed theory are highlighted and discussed below. * Hacking into a number of companies and accessing their computer networks and gaining access to unauthorized files or data. Was it ethical to gain access of such files or data or merely breaking into a computer network? Applying the consequence based approached breaking into a computer network or gaining access to secure files only benefited Mitnick and no one else. According to utilitarianism the majority must gain happiness on the base of a consequence but in this case it Kevin himself who gained happiness and not the majority hence this act would be regarded as wrong for Kevin that it was not ethical for him to gain or break into a computer network The duty based approach and deontology theory would easily say it ¿Ã‚ ½s wrong. By his acts it can concluded that is not right to gain access to another computer networks. That is stated in the ten commandments of ethics as well which was defined in 1992.All Company would have secure files and data and would not be wanted to breached by an outsider. Hence it was completely wrong by Mitnick to do so. Character Based approach in Kevin ¿Ã‚ ½s case would want him to break into computer networks for his passion of technology and the sake of fun. His thirst for knowledge still exists and breaking into these computers made him gain more knowledge which was more fun for him. But morally this was wrong. By virtue ethics he should have chosen the right path rather then this wrong path. Hence it was still unethical for him to break into computers. * In his hacking history Kevin never gained any financial outcome but instead he did it for the sake of challenge or sometimes to extract revenge on people .So was it ethical to do so and to take such challenges or seek revenge from people? Consequence based theory would again say  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ in this case merely of the fact that extracting revenge from some people or winning a challenge to prove your ability would just be beneficial for Kevin himself which in this case would be a minor individual and will be happy himself only. The majority of people would not be happy from this outcome. Duty based approach would say seeking revenge or damaging or doing unauthorized things of which you ¿Ã‚ ½re not authorized to do would again lead to  ¿Ã‚ ½NO ¿Ã‚ ½. Mitnick was not supposed to do it since it not an act which an individual is suppose to do. Character-based or virtue ethics justifies to pick good habits of your moral character and leave the odd one behind to be a good human being and in this case doing good for yourself by causing harm to others isn ¿Ã‚ ½t something good for and individual characters and in this case Kevin Mitnick. * Hacking into his school district computer system and Pacific Bell for altering Phone Bills. Was it ethically right for him at age 17 to break into a computer of his school and in pacific bell to alter phone bills? Consequence approach would again say NO since he did it for himself again in this case .The Benefit of this hack was for his own good and not for anyone else. Especially the alteration of phone bills is going to create losses for the phone company which might turn up into large numbers as well. So it was completely wrong in doing so. Duty Based approach applied on this issue would again lead to the conclusion of  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ since there is no act or policy which would suggest Kevin to break into school system or into phone company to alter his phone bills. Based on the outcome of his acts he was totally wrong in do so again. Character Based approach would again lead to the fact that morally as an individual he knew it was wrong in doing so but again he preferred to adopt his bad habit in this case which was again wrong and lead to such an outcome hence it ¿Ã‚ ½s a  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ again. * Being on probation for his conviction Mitnick got his parole officers phone disconnected and altered the computer record of the judge of his case in a credit service computer .Was it ethical for Kevin to do such an act ? Applying Consequence based approach it ¿Ã‚ ½s again going to lead to the fact of  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ because the result of this act was something bad for his parole officer and the judge. It was an act done by Kevin for his own satisfaction that was the minority in this issue and being in probation he should have avoided such consequences which he didn ¿Ã‚ ½t. Duty Based again would not support Kevin in this issue. His act was defiantly wrong in this case because the judge could have had bad impacts and the parole officer must have been unhappy to and misguided due to Kevin acts. And being on probation one shouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t go against the law but Kevin did for his personal vendetta. Character based theory wouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t allow someone ¿Ã‚ ½s moral character to take revenge and hurt someone else which in this case again leads to  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½. Hurting someone for the sake of revenge is what would be considered a bad habit or an act leading to something which would not be regarded as morally good and if u knows that the law is restricting you from something a good moral character wouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t want someone to go against the law to seek his own happiness. * Convicted Stealing software from a company in Santa Cruz, California and no conviction record was on FBI database. Was it Ethical to steal and alter records? Consequence based theory wouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t allow stealing or altering to be me permissible. Stealing is something which would not be allowed in any circumstances and even if we assume it does it wouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t be something beneficial for majority in this case the California Company and the alteration of record of FBI. This time as well it ¿Ã‚ ½s  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½. Duty based will not support an act of stealing or altering which won ¿Ã‚ ½t be regarded something as good so this time even in comparisons of acts it ¿Ã‚ ½s a NO from this point. Character Based would say that stealing to be considered as one of the bad habit of a human being and alteration of record can be considered of something as manipulation of record and in this case of a bad deed which Kevin was convicted so it ¿Ã‚ ½s a  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ this time as well. * Breaking into North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) missile defense system. Was it ethical for him to break into a defense system of a country? The first approach of Consequence Based would hugely argue because gaining access to such delicate system could have catastrophic affects on millions of people. Harming or altering of those files would have been really dangerous. So it ¿Ã‚ ½s a  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ again. Second approach of duty based wouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t allow any such policy or rule for an individual to again access to such delicate system cause of the dangerous outcomes it can lead it into hence its  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ again. Third approach of Character based would not consider it to be a good habit of one moral character in doing so because it would harm so many people so it ¿Ã‚ ½s a  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ from this point of view as well. * Charge of two new crimes: Accessing MCI network for long distance calls and causing $ 4 million damage to Digital Equipment Corporation. Was it ethical to illegally access MCI and cause damage of worth $ 4 million to a company? Consequence would say  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ cause again the minority gets benefit from this case that is Kevin and not the majority Both of them MCI and Digital Cop lost lots of money because of this act performed by Kevin who were the majority in this issue . Duty Based wouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t support Kevin as well cause because of this both those companies had to face huge losses from the act that Kevin had performed. No such policy or act would be permissible for any individual in the world to do so. Hence  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ is the answer Character based would again regard this as  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ cause as stated above again and again alteration of records and damaging files and causing harm to others would be regarded as a good deed or good habit so it ¿Ã‚ ½s a  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ again. * Judge denied him bail and ordered him to be held in jail? Was he ethical in doing so? This period lasted for eight months in solitary consignment for Kevin. Consequence based might support this act of judge because Kevin was causing harm to large majority of people but putting him on solitary consignment for 8 months without bail and from the fact that it was not proven at that time that Kevin had committed those acts was a bit harsh on Kevin. So it ¿Ã‚ ½s a split decision I guess. Duty based would support the judge too cause he was causing harm to major companies and people but still the decision was too harsh for Kevin cause he deserved a trial at least .Everyone does. Character based would not support the judge since it was a fact the Kevin was notorious but he deserved a trial and even if the judge thought he didn ¿Ã‚ ½t, putting him in solitary consignment prison was totally wrong. A normal jail would have been alright to stop Kevin from his notorious activities but solitary consignment was something very wrong and very harsh. * Kevin fleeing from the authorities on a number of occasions for two years and using fake identities to hide himself from the authorities during his probation. Was it ethical for him to do so? Kevin did for his own good and during this period he caused damaged to majority with his notorious activities so consequence Based would support him on this issue. Duty based would also not support him since it ¿Ã‚ ½s not right to take misguide law by using fake identities and stay on a run for two years. Character based wouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t support him to since it ¿Ã‚ ½s not right for someone to take law in his own hands and using fake identities by damaging other people identities to keep yourself. It ¿Ã‚ ½s a definite  ¿Ã‚ ½No ¿Ã‚ ½ since it ¿Ã‚ ½s not a good deed * Was it ethically right for Shimomura to help FBI in catching Kevin? All the three theories of character duty and consequence based would support Shimomura in this issue its ethically right for anyone to help the law to catch someone who has been causing harm to the community. And it was morally right for every individual to help to catch Kevin. * After being caught Kevin was held in Federal prison from 1995 to 1997 without bail and without trial by the FBI. Was it ethically right to do so.? Consequence would again support the FBI since Kevin was harm to many firms companies and people but only if Kevin was charged after trial to stay in prison. Duty Base shouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t support this act of FBI since they were laws by now to convict Kevin but FBI didn ¿Ã‚ ½t even allow a fair trial to run which is not supported so YES| they were ethically wrong in doing so. Character Based wouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t support the FBI too since it ¿Ã‚ ½s not right for anyone to stay in prison for a period of 2 years without bail or trial. At least a trial should have been offered to Kevin and then if found guilty he should have faced what he deserved. Role of a professional A professional is someone who holds a degree in a particular field in terms of education and then uses his expertise in his relative field and makes sure that his professionalism follows the code of ethics which will include terms such as Behavior, sociality, confidentiality etc. When a professional is hired somewhere a contract and a bond is created between the two to follow certain acts and rules or policy within the organization and one of them is the security concern of misusing the data of an organization Organizations related to Information Technology or having the IT dept within them also maintain a policy between their engineers and themselves. In our particular case the role of a software engineer, hardware engineer or an application engineer they should follow those rules and policies but also IEEE CODE OF ETHICS which is the main source of ethics code for any IT professional which should be followed by any professional related to the field of information and technology and in our case being software, application and hardware engineers [9] Usage of knowledge for Hacking by a professional In regards to using their knowledge for hacking can be something quite disastrous. If we take each of them individually and start with the hardware engineer obviously he can use it the right way or the wrong way since hardware devices manually build are quite useful in hacking mainly portable devices something like which Kevin Mitnick used for hacking into McDonalds drive through system. But is it right for them to do so and the answer is obviously no cause it ¿Ã‚ ½s against the code of ethics which exists in many forms related to cyber technology Same goes to a software engineer and application engineer cause software and application level technical support is quite useful to build or modify codes of a program and make it useful for something negative which is obviously something which would not be appreciated in our society because it ¿Ã‚ ½s going to be harmful to many . . But can all this knowledge be used in a positive way? Can hacking be positive? The answer to this question is yes and is something what is called ethical hacker. Ethical Hacker vs. Hacker: Hacker being the one using his knowledge on the darker side tries to break into systems. While a Ethical hacker is someone who does what is called penetration testing and hacks into systems just to identify security flaws and then inform companies to secure those flaws and sometimes providing them with solutions to those flaws as well but he has normally doing it for a security firm who is licensed to do so and has the right or permission of doing so .An individual if doing it all alone by himself would be considered to have committed a crime..To stop or catch a hacker is what can be called ethical hacker as well. In our case study Tsutomu Shimomura is an ethical hacker who used his knowledge to catch a hacker Kevin Mitnick. Kevin Mitnick also nowadays is an ethical hacker who runs his security company and does penetration testing for various organizations but this time having his rights to do it in a legal way and gets paid off well for doing so. Conclusion Information technology has had good and bad impacts as any other technology in the world. In the world of Cybertechnology hacking is the negative side. Kevin Mitnick curiosity for technology lead him in Hacking but what started out as the sake of fun did turn up to be quite disrupting when converted into major form. However being a bit realistic the Decision of FBI holding him solitary confinement for 8 months without bail and trial would be something regarded as unfair for a guy of Kevin caliber since it ¿Ã‚ ½s quite clear that he was a genius. And if a genius is treated this way his bound to go on the run when FBI suspects him later to be committing that crime again even though if he ¿Ã‚ ½s not committed the crime he would be afraid of facing the same thing without bail and would want to run away from it. Psychologist has stated in the documentary movie  ¿Ã‚ ½Freedom Downtime  ¿Ã‚ ½Life of Kevin Mitnick ¿Ã‚ ½ that it was an event which will want each individual to run awa y and that ¿Ã‚ ½s what made him run. And then obviously his bad part took over him of which he evaded FBI for two years. Then again being caught Kevin did not get bail or a trial for 2 years since 1995 and 1997 was again wrong. If Kevin did something wrong he should have been punished after a fair trial which he wasn ¿Ã‚ ½t granted. Besides Lawyer stated in that movie that even murder ¿Ã‚ ½s get bail and trial why not Kevin? Kevin did deserve to be punished for his acts since they were totally unethical at the time but if FBI had use the law in a sincere way maybe Kevin wouldn ¿Ã‚ ½t end up that way and Kevin would have only been sentenced for the time period he deserved. An interesting part of American judiciary is that Kevin is the longest held person in history without trial or bail which can be figured out as to be totally unfair for him. After his sentence and probation of 3 years ending in 2003 Kevin has started a security consulting company and is now offering a role of ethical hacker and using penetration testing to check his clients security flaws and using the code of ethics quite well. His professional approach towards his clients and himself leads us to the fact that he has been using his knowledge now in a positive way to secure his reputation and prove to the entire world that he ¿Ã‚ ½s genius.

How will an awareness of psychoanalytic theory impact on your work in a

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalysis presumes that a good understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. It places a huge emphasis on the unconscious and how the unconscious is the precursor to human development. The level of awareness that I possess of psychoanalytic theory would impact my performance in the classroom only if I act on my understanding in a proactive manner. I believe it was Socrates who said that a teacher is one who not only has an understanding of subject, but is one who has the ability to teach it. And an elementary school teacher has a special responsibility in not only the intellectual, but the social development of his student. Using psychoanalysis is beneficial in seeing symbolic... How will an awareness of psychoanalytic theory impact on your work in a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalysis presumes that a good understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. It places a huge emphasis on the unconscious and how the unconscious is the precursor to human development. The level of awareness that I possess of psychoanalytic theory would impact my performance in the classroom only if I act on my understanding in a proactive manner. I believe it was Socrates who said that a teacher is one who not only has an understanding of subject, but is one who has the ability to teach it. And an elementary school teacher has a special responsibility in not only the intellectual, but the social development of his student. Using psychoanalysis is beneficial in seeing symbolic...

Analysis of British Airways Essay -- British Airways Case Study

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. British Airways: Overview 4 2. Key stakeholders 4 3. Mission and objectives 5 4. Market structure 6 5. Managing diverse cultures 7 6. Economic changes, fiscal and monetary policy 8 7. Regulation 11 8. Conclusion and Recommendations 12 9. References 14 Executive Summary British Airways has focused its mission and objectives towards satisfying its key stakeholders that include employees, customers, Government and the British public. The company has been successful in dealing with cultural differences that arise between the UK and foreign countries, adopting a geocentric approach to hiring workers. The airline has also created a flexible organisation that responds quickly to the changing needs of its consumers. However, poor industrial relations and crisis management imply that there is a greater need to focus on building strong relations with employees, enabling them to internalise the vision of the company. Given intense competition in the industry and continuous changes in regulations from the EU and international regulatory bodies, British Airways needs to introduce cost-effective methods of complying with regulatory standards. The firm should also avoid illegal practices that can harm its corporate image. 1. British Airways: Overview British Airways commenced business in 1935 as a small airline that was privately owned, offering services restricted to the United Kingdom. Due to poor performance, the company was nationalised in 1939 with the state providing the required investment and resources necessary for growth (Brooks & Cullinane, 2007). The emergence of neo-classical economists claiming government ownership to be unproductive and inefficient, paved the way for privatisa... ...om http://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/apr/19/ba-fuel-surcharge-fine-oft# Murphy, E. King, E. (2014). Environmental noise pollution. California: Elsevier. Sitkin, A. Bowen, N. (2010). International business 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stabler, M.J. Papatheodorou, A. Sinclair, M.T. (2010). The economics of tourism 2nd edition. New York: Routledge. The Telegraph. (2010). EU clears British Airways’ trans-Atlantic alliance, merger with Iberia. Telegraph. Retrieved on 15th May, 2014 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/7889982/EU-clears-British-Airways-trans-Atlantic-alliance-merger-with-Iberia.html Winfield, P. Bishop, R. Porter, P. (2013). Core management for HR students and practitioners. Oxford: Elsevier. Yahoo Finance. (2014). British Airways. Retrieved on 14th May, 2014 from https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=BA

Automating computer usual processes Essay

Nowadays, almost all kinds of establishments are relying on computers for automating their usual processes. Most of the manual systems in offices are replaced by the automated systems which use computer technology. Moreover, computers have also diminished the total manual works and the effectiveness of employees has also increased because of the dependence of establishments on computer technology. It helps also to perform the routine business tasks much quicker compared to the manual way of doing things. Computer nowadays is no longer considered a luxury but rather a necessity with the emergence of information technology 1 â€Å"We are in the so-called information age, and every transaction at every phase of the establishments depends on modern computing.† As observed, there are already many manual systems that are being replaced by the computerized ones. Some of these are the payroll, sales and monitoring, point of sale, enrollment, grading, library, and other related systems .. Integration with the people in the society is in demand for progress. The relation field of Information Technology concerns the use of computer-based information system to convert, process, protect, share, store, transmits and retrieve information. Technologies have brought us more advances on personal computer, to build new industries and change the lifestyle of each individual. These advances became more powerful and more productive for simultaneous growth in society and industries. Using Internet is one of the medium of today’s communication, people easily connect in the current events in their community and even outside their places and acquire necessary information in just a short period of time. 2As the saying goes, â€Å"Nothing is permanent than change† so as with Information Technology. This field will continue to prosper and continue to help change lives by improving it. Although most people, especially in the Philippines still prefer the old ways or manual transactions, the future Filipino generations will eventually embrace ch ange and not only that, but also be the one to provide change through the future students and graduates that will courageously take this field. Every bit of information is now considered as a powerful tool hence it should be used and managed with the utmost caution. This mere reason prompts many establishments to produce their own system  that will protect information. The Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development (BCHRD) was established to address the existing health condition in the Bicol region. It is a coordinating system involving various institutions in the region with interest in health research. The BCHRD was created upon the partnership with Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS), Regional Development Council (RDC) with the member institutions of : Department of Health (DOH) ,Bicol Regional and Training And Teaching Hospital(BRTTH), Commision on Higher Education (CHED) , Bicol University (BU), Catanduanes State University (CSU), University of Saint Anthony, Ago Medical and Educational Center (AMEC), Atedeo de Naga, University of Nueva Caseres, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Aquinas Univ ersity of Legazpi (AUl), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicol Medical Center, Partido State University (PSU) . Universidad de Santa Isabel. The existing health condition in the region necessities the establishment of a strong health research and development (R&D) coordinating system involving various institution in the region with interest in health research. Putting them together to work on consortium arrangement will promote complementation, thereby increase the synergy despite limited resources for R&D undertakings. The Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development (BCHRD) was therefore established to address the afore mentioned concerns. The primarily goal and objective of BCHRD is to institute/strengthen the system collaboration in Bicol to develop and enhance the capacity of research institution within the region which have interest and engage in health related researches, as a strategy to improve the health condition of Bicolanos Specifically the consortium aims to : (a) Undertake and/or spearhead health related Research and Development (R&D) activities; (b) Establish a collaborative system for effective sh aring and utilization of physical, financial and manpower resources among member-institution as well encourage the active involvement of non-members that will fave the way for expanding the membership of consortium; (c) Promote an effective collaboration and harmonious working relationship between among member-institutions in the conduct of researches in health, nutrition related fields; (d) Encourage, generate and provide funds for health –related researches in accordance with the health and nutrition priority  areas/sectors indicated in the plans of the Regional Development Council (RDC) and the Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS); (e) Develop the capability in manpower, facilities and other infrastructure for health and nutrition and other related researches; (f) Effectively promote the proper utilization of health research findings; (g) Serve as clearing house for all health related researches; (h) Establish linkages/network within and outside the region ; and (i) Institute a mechanism and implement strategies for a sustained visibility of the consortium and ensure a long-term viability of the consortium. Monitoring system is not just used in the field of industry; it has also a very significant role in improving the quality of education in the country (Philippines). Once this technological approach is implemented a full assurance that the aimed quality of educational system will be able to reach its peak of being more organized and well improved system In terms of paper works, these two types of management system can easily manage the projects through having an Proposal monitoring system. Archiving system refers to the process of moving data through an automated storage device that helps the people to access the data easily. Before, an archival record was identified with manuscripts or with written records. Years passed by, archival record refers to recorded information, specifically in paper-based transforming it to automated form method. Implementing an archiving system of records can do task of organizing, monitoring and easy generation of reports. On the other hand, all the Research proposal that are pending, denied or approve must be monitored in order to ease the different operations and functions of organizations. In this study, monitoring system for the research proposal of the institution is the most needed to work to. This system updates the current status of the research project. In addition, monitoring system has a significant role in improving the quality of the implemented projects to be able to reach its goal. Because of its function, they are having problems in a certain field. They seem to have problems in the management of projects from time to time. In addition, the increasing burden of creating and maintaining the archive of projects. Their file storage is full of projects making it a burden when finding a needed project. This study aimed to create a system for the Bicol Consortium for  Health Research and Development. It covered the storing and updating of projects that are processed in the department and al so uploading projects in the system that can be retrieved easily. Statement of objective General Objectives This study aims to develop a research proposal and monitoring management system for the Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development. Specific Objectives 1.) To create a system that will facilitate research proposal and monitor status for approval. 2.) To develop a monitoring system for all ongoing researches. 3.) To record all pending, approved and rejected proposals, and ongoing and completed research of the health proponent/researcher. 4.) To create a secure system for monitoring of research proposals and projects. 5.) To generate reports on the status of research projects and proposals. Scope of the System Check the requirements for filing a proposal Keep track of the status of the proposal Keep track of the research’s accomplishments and budgets Monitor progress of ongoing research Scope and Delimitation This study is about Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development. This will cover the checking of requirements the tracking and monitoring of the proposal. It has the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. The system records the detailed planning, proposed, on-going and finished projects in the department. Old  files were also scanned and be saved as pdf. The secretary, regional administrator, institution head and all the member of the health research were given privileged to view the system. The employees may ask the administrator of each section if they need files that were in the system. The head administrator provides admin accounts for each section head. The proposal monitoring management system has different sections for the storage of projects (proposed, on-going and finished projects) and it provided easy access to the projects’ status and tracks the finished projects that are archived. Old and new files are archived in this system. The date could only be searched, retrieved and printed. The archive could be searched by date, name etc. As for the proposal monitoring management system, it provided an automated monitoring and checking the status of ongoing research development. It has additional features, like the user is notified for the reminders of the agency; and the system is secured by providing administrator restrictions. On the other hand, the proposed system would not include other health researcher that are not member of the institutions that are part of BCHRD. The study only focused on the automation of storage of all projects that would be made and were done, monitoring its status among various sections of PDMO and provide an automated maintenance plan in monitoring, checking and repairing of items. Significance of the Study The result of the study will benefit the following: Bicol University. College of Science One of the four-fold functions of a university or any academic institution is research. This study will be another contribution to the research achievements of the university. BCHRD (Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development).This lessened the manual labor of the agency through the use of the system which operates the research projects and monitoring plans for BCHRD. Employee. The system helped the employee to do their job efficiently, properly and effectively. Students This study will serve as an educational  and reference material for their future studies and undertakings. This may also give an idea on making their own versions of the existing software, thus presenting their own modifications. Researchers. This study which is connected to the Research Proposal Monitoring and Management System will improved the researchers’ knowledge in programming skills and their sense of responsibility. Future Researchers. Students who will undertake future research projects can use this study as reference material. This will provide the future researches sufficient information with regards to system development. Definition of Terms For better understanding of the study, the following terms were defined operationally or concepltually: Research Proposal an study that request time and fund from instition Monitoring Management System the process of checking the updates and status of ongoing health research Proponent in this study the proponent is the person who is requsting or conducting health researh Storage. , this term refers to the method of storing finished and proposed projects for future use. Secure System in this study this term refers to a system that cannot be easily tamper the information that is stored. EDIT OR E-REVISE NIO Notes 1 The Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, USA: Grolier Incorporated, 1995 (accessed on May 19, 2014 9:05am) 2http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/information-technology-and-software-development/9788131760291/information-technology-basics/ch008006 (Accessed on: May 20, 2014 2:18PM) â€Å"What is Information Technology?†.